Bitpie钱包|troy

作者: Bitpie钱包
2024-03-07 21:33:26

特洛伊(美国2004年沃尔夫冈·彼得森执导电影)_百度百科

美国2004年沃尔夫冈·彼得森执导电影)_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心特洛伊是一个多义词,请在下列义项上选择浏览(共19个义项)展开添加义项特洛伊播报讨论上传视频美国2004年沃尔夫冈·彼得森执导电影《特洛伊》(Troy)是一部2004年的史诗电影,由沃尔夫冈·彼德森执导,布拉德·皮特、艾瑞克·巴纳、奥兰多·布鲁姆、黛安·克鲁格等主演,于2004年5月9日在美国上映。《特洛伊》取材于古希腊神话。小亚细亚古城特洛伊王子帕里斯爱上了斯巴达美女海伦,并将她带回特洛伊。海伦的丈夫,也就是斯巴达国王墨涅拉俄斯邀集希腊其他城邦国,在迈锡尼王亚伽门农统帅下,率领强大舰队追到特洛伊,围城攻打十年,最后引出了希 ... >>>主要演员布拉德·皮特艾瑞克·巴纳奥兰多·布鲁姆黛安·克鲁格精彩图集查看更多词条图册皮特VS巴纳《特洛伊》剧照2目录1剧情简介2演职员表▪演员表▪职员表3角色介绍4音乐原声5幕后花絮6获奖记录7幕后制作8制作发行▪上映日期▪票房信息9影片评价▪正面评价▪负面评价基本信息《特洛伊》(Troy)是一部2004年的史诗电影,由沃尔夫冈·彼德森执导,布拉德·皮特、艾瑞克·巴纳、奥兰多·布鲁姆、黛安·克鲁格等主演,于2004年5月9日在美国上映。《特洛伊》取材于古希腊神话。小亚细亚古城特洛伊王子帕里斯爱上了斯巴达美女海伦,并将她带回特洛伊。海伦的丈夫,也就是斯巴达国王墨涅拉俄斯邀集希腊其他城邦国,在迈锡尼王亚伽门农统帅下,率领强大舰队追到特洛伊,围城攻打十年,最后引出了希腊联军巧施的“木马计” [1]。CCTV-6《佳片有约》2008.04.12播出,译名《特洛伊:木马屠城》 [2] [11]中文名特洛伊外文名Troy其他译名特洛伊:木马屠城 [2]类    型动作、冒险、爱情、剧情出品公司华纳兄弟影片公司制片地区美国拍摄日期2003年4月22日-2003年12月拍摄地点伦敦,墨西哥,马耳他发行公司华纳兄弟影片公司导    演沃尔夫冈·彼得森编    剧大卫·贝尼奥夫制片人布拉德·皮特主    演布拉德·皮特、艾瑞克·巴纳、奥兰多·布鲁姆、黛安·克鲁格、布莱恩·考克斯、肖恩·宾、布莱丹·格里森、彼德·奥图片    长196分钟(史诗版),163分钟(传奇版),174分钟(情感版)上映时间2004年5月9日(美国),2004年6月12日(中国大陆)票    房4.57亿美元对白语言英语色    彩彩色电影分级USA:Rimdb编码tt0332452出品时间2004年制片成本1.75亿美元剧情简介播报编辑《特洛伊》剧照2(20张)公元前1193年,特洛伊国王普里阿摩斯和他俊美的二儿子王子帕里斯在希腊斯巴达王麦尼劳斯的宫中受到了盛情的款待。但是,帕里斯却和麦尼劳斯美貌的妻子海伦一见钟情并将她带出宫去,恼怒的麦尼劳斯和他的兄弟迈西尼国王阿伽门农兴兵讨伐特洛伊。希腊联军的统帅阿喀琉斯和Priam最小的儿子,特洛伊年轻的国王赫克托耳逐渐成为在战争中成为双方各自的英雄。《特洛伊》剧照1(11张)由于特洛伊城池牢固易守难攻,希腊军队和特洛伊勇士们对峙长达10年之久,最后英雄奥德修斯献上妙计,让希腊士兵全部登上战船,制造撤兵的假象,并故意在城前留下一具巨大的木马。特洛伊人高兴地把木马当作战利品抬进城去。当晚,正当特洛伊人沉湎于美酒和歌舞的时候,藏在木马腹内的20名希腊士兵杀出,打开城门,里应外合,特洛伊立刻被攻陷,杀掠和大火将整个城市毁灭。老国王和大多数男人被杀死,妇女和儿童被出卖为奴,海伦又被带回希腊,持续10年之久的战争终于结束 [2]。演职员表播报编辑演员表布拉德·皮特 饰 阿喀琉斯Achilles配音  金永钢艾瑞克·巴纳 饰 赫克托尔Hector配音  陆揆奥兰多·布鲁姆 饰 帕里斯Paris配音  王磊黛安·克鲁格 饰 海伦Helen配音  薛白布莱恩·考克斯 饰 阿伽门农Agamemnon配音  徐涛肖恩·宾 饰 奥德修斯Odysseus配音  张云明布莱丹·格里森 饰 墨涅拉俄斯Menelaus配音  王凯彼德·奥图 饰 普利文Priam配音  张涵予朱莉·克里斯蒂 饰 塞蒂斯Thetis配音  晏积瑄詹姆斯·卡沙莫 饰 格兰喀斯Glaucus配音  陆建艺朱利安·格洛弗 饰 特里奥帕斯Triopas配音  高增志萝丝·拜恩 饰 布里赛伊斯Briseis配音  林兰加内特·赫德兰 饰 帕特洛克罗斯Patroclus配音  赵震萨弗蓉·布罗斯 饰 安德洛玛克Andromache配音  徐晓青Adoni Maropis 饰 Agamemnon's Officer配音  -内森·琼斯 饰 Boagrius配音  -雅各布·史密斯 饰 Messenger Boy配音  -Siri Svegler 饰 Polydora配音  -约翰·斯拉普内尔 饰 涅斯托尔Nestor配音  赵晓明Lucie Barat 饰 Helen's Handmaiden配音  -肯·波内斯 饰 希伯里斯Hippasus配音  白玉林Manuel Cauchi 饰 Old Spartan Fisherman配音  -Mark Lewis Jones 饰 Tecton配音  -Nigel Terry 饰 阿尔喀墨涅斯Alcimenes配音  韩童生特雷沃·伊芙 饰 维利尔Velior配音  成在群Luke Tal;Matthew Tal; 饰 Scamandrius配音  -泰勒·梅恩 饰 埃阿斯Ajax配音  盖文革Louis Dempsey 饰 Aphareus配音  -文森特·里根 饰 欧多拉斯Eudorus配音  茅菁Joshua Richards 饰 Haemon配音  -欧文·约曼 饰 Lysander配音  -Tim Chipping 饰 Echepolus配音  -Desislava Stefanova;Tanja Tzarovska; 饰 Singing Woman配音  -Alex King 饰 Apollonian Guard配音  -Frankie Fitzgerald 饰 Aeneas配音  -职员表制作人沃尔夫冈·彼德森、Winston Azzopardi、Barbara Huber、Diana Rathbun、科林·威尔逊导演沃尔夫冈·彼德森副导演(助理)Paul Attard、Ben Burt、西蒙·克莱恩、Pierre Ellul、Gerry Gavigan、Arabella Gilbert编剧荷马、大卫·贝尼奥夫摄影Paul Bond、罗杰·普拉特配乐詹姆斯·霍纳、伊莎贝尔维纳斯剪辑Peter Honess选角导演Lucinda Syson配音导演Isabel Venus艺术指导奈杰尔·费尔普斯美术设计Julian Ashby、Jon Billington、Andy Nicholson、Adam O'Neill、Stephen Dobric、John King服装设计Bob Ringwood视觉特效尼克·戴维斯、Rob Harvey、Chas Jarrett、Sue Rowe、Jon Thum录音Isabel Venus布景师Anna Pinnock、Peter Young展开(演职员表信息来源)译制职员表翻译刘大勇导演张云明录音张磊、安韶峰声音编辑毛锦玲录音工程励和平、李瑞海片名题字路世明字幕摄影王璞本制片主任杨和平制片廖林洗印加工北京电影洗印录像技术厂译制单位北京电影译制厂角色介绍播报编辑阿喀琉斯演员布拉德·皮特配音金永钢希腊第一勇士,半人半神的美男子。戴马鬃装饰的科林斯头盔,身披胸甲,手持标枪圆盾,有着古铜色的皮肤和凸起结实的肌肉,有着战无不胜的勇气信心,大无畏的精神,他靠这个征服世界。赫克托尔演员艾瑞克·巴纳配音陆揆特洛伊大王子,帕里斯的哥哥,普里阿摩斯的儿子。刚直勇敢、忠于职守,与强大的希腊联军奋战10年,甚至赢得了敌人的敬仰。作为特洛伊方面最优秀的战士,他就是军神的化身,一个为尊严而战的好汉。帕里斯演员奥兰多·布鲁姆配音王磊特洛伊王子。是他的轻薄挑起了这场旷日持久的战争,以为那是爱情,却不知不觉中了巫师的咒语。海伦演员黛安·克鲁格配音薛白斯巴达国王的王后,全希腊最漂亮的女人。倾国倾城、貌美如花,与帕里斯出轨的爱发自真心、令人同情。阿伽门农演员布莱恩·考克斯配音王凯斯巴达王墨涅依斯的兄弟。阿伽门农是个野心家,他攻打特洛伊主要是想完成自己统治特洛伊的心愿,作为希腊联军的总统帅,他是一个绝对专制的人。以王兄的召唤为理由,聚集了以阿喀琉斯为首的希腊勇士,为国家而战。帕里塞伊斯演员萝丝·拜恩配音林兰特洛伊著名美女。她在战争中被阿喀琉斯俘获,两人日久生情,而后,希腊联军统帅阿伽门农贪图其美貌而“插足”,引起阿喀琉斯不满。(角色介绍信息来源) [3-4]音乐原声播报编辑专辑曲目专辑信息3200 Years AgoTroyAchilles Leads the Myrmidons专辑封面The Temple of PoseidonThe Night BeforeThe Greek Army and Its DefeatBriseis and AchillesThe Trojans AttackHector's DeathThe Wooden Horse and the Sacking of TroyThrough the Fires, Achilles...and ImmortalityRemember艺人:James Horner唱片公司:Warner Bros.发行时间:2004年05月11日(音乐原声信息来源)幕后花絮播报编辑2003年2月,伊拉克战争迫在眉睫,制片方只好将外景地从摩洛哥改在墨西哥。1989年“马耳他先生”得主George Camilleri在参加影片拍摄时将腿摔断,在接受手术后因并发症意外丧生。布拉德·皮特在拍摄期间曾撕裂跟腱。詹姆斯·霍纳用了不到一个半月的时间就完成了影片配乐。布拉德·皮特称在影片拍摄期间饱受戒烟之苦。布拉德·皮特和艾瑞克·巴纳亲自完成打斗镜头,而且两人私下商定,要对彼此的意外误伤付出代价,轻者每下50美元,重者每下100美元,最终,皮特赔偿给巴纳750美元,而巴纳不必支付一分钱。布拉德·皮特为出演该片筹备了6个月。在得知该片的拍摄计划后,土耳其的文化和旅游部门曾力邀制片方赴土耳其的恰那卡莱拍摄,并承诺如果影片在土耳其的特洛伊遗址首映将会赞助拍摄经费,但最终被制片方拒绝,首映式也设在了柏林。彼德·奥图讨厌与导演沃尔夫冈·彼德森合作,甚至不愿观看完成后的影片。戴安·克鲁格为扮演海伦增重15磅。特瑞·吉列姆曾被邀请执导该片,但他刚看过5页剧本就决定放弃。 [5]获奖记录播报编辑年份届数组织奖项获奖者类别2005第77届奥斯卡金像奖最佳服装设计Bob Ringwood提名2005第28届日本电影学院奖最佳外语片沃尔夫冈·彼德森提名2005第14届MTV电影奖最佳打斗场面布拉德·皮特、艾瑞克·巴纳提名最佳男演员布拉德·皮特2008第34届土星奖最佳特别版DVD提名2004第6届青少年选择奖最佳剧情/动作冒险电影男演员布拉德·皮特获奖最佳剧情/动作冒险电影男演员奥兰多·布鲁姆提名最佳突破电影男星加内特·赫德兰最佳电影打斗/动作戏最佳剧情/动作冒险电影(获奖记录信息来源)幕后制作播报编辑构筑史诗影片改编自荷马史诗著作《伊利亚特》,史诗完成于公元前8世纪,即人们所推测的特洛伊败落之后的300至400年间。然而,究竟是荷马编纂了当时存在的口头流传的历史,还是荷马就是这部著作唯一的原创者,至今仍是个谜,但毕竟,他的作品经历了历史长河的磨砺得以保存下来,最终成为了记载这段历史最具说服力的文学作品。该片编剧是曾为斯派克·李的《25小时》创作剧本的大卫·贝尼奥夫,制片人黛安娜·拉斯本评价它对人物的描写很深刻,有时,这些经典文学作品会因年代的久远而让观众产生难以逾越的距离感,但举报却用相通的情感将几千年前的人物同现今的人们联系在一起。导演彼德森找到了美工设计师奈杰尔·费尔普斯帮助自己构架这个虚幻异常的古老世界。奈杰尔对那个时代相当了解,他的第一份草图就超乎寻常的美妙,他带领着自己的创作团队埋首于各种书籍和研究资料之中。制作团队的大部分调研工作是在大英博物馆完成的,因为那里陈列着一些在土耳其挖掘出来的收藏品,很多人相信特洛伊城的遗址就在那里。但是,至于《伊利亚特》所描绘的那个时代的特洛伊究竟是何模样,仍然有着很大的想像空间。准确的讲,片中的特洛伊城比真实尺寸大,影片的故事大多都发生在城内及周边,其中主要部分包括希腊士兵登陆时的海滩、城墙外的战场、特洛伊城以及城内的王宫;另外的区域还有位于希腊大陆的贴撒罗尼迦山谷、斯巴达和迈锡尼城池。 [5]特洛伊之城几经商榷,彼德森选择了在伦敦、马耳他和墨西哥建造外景地,片中的大部分内景都是在离伦敦40英里的谢伯顿制片厂的摄影棚中拍摄的。当然,整个特洛伊城不可能都建在摄影棚里,于是马耳他就派上了用场,制片人表示马耳他是一个有着美妙悬崖峭壁的可爱岛屿,用来建造特洛伊城简直再好不过。但是,马耳他没有足够大的海滩,无法让剧组的电脑图形专家放下上千条战船,也开辟不出来可以容纳75000人的战场,制片方最后一站是墨西哥,一切需求迎刃而解。影片于2003年4月22日在谢伯顿开拍,在当地建造的主要布景包括特洛伊王宫,所有内景都采用了露明屋顶,因为当时光和热的主要来源就是太阳和火。另外还有50英尺高的宙斯塑像,因为宗教主题是影片的重要元素。随后,剧组赶往马耳他,在当地建造起占地10英亩的特洛伊城外景,而外景地的原址是一座名叫里卡索里的17世纪军事堡垒。虽然马耳他考古资源丰富,但影片剧组发现当地没有宛若公元前1200年的建筑,整座特洛伊城没有任何可利用资源,必须拔地重建。剧组雇佣了500多名马耳他工人,同时还从英国空运过来将近200名工匠,他们共同在这个岛屿上展开浩大的工程。强风、炎热和潮湿无时不刻不在影响着影片的拍摄进度,彼德森每早听过天气预报之后才能指定当天的拍摄计划。特洛伊城内的王宫和复杂的街道是最后完工的,在曾两次获得奥斯卡奖的布景师彼得·扬的装点下,那两处重要场景终于显现出震撼人心、波澜壮阔的气势。片中阿波罗护卫队由1200名临时演员组成,他们穿着古代战袍,护送赫克托尔和帕里斯穿越整个城市,然后第一次将海伦引荐给特洛伊民众,观众会同海伦一样第一次将特洛伊全貌尽收眼底。彼得·扬设计了许多合情合理的背景画面:铁匠铺里忙碌的身影、提着篮子的妇女、推着平板车的人等等,那些难以察觉的细节为影片增添了真实性。另外,在特洛伊的广场和大街上,扬尝试着展示两种全然不同的生活状态,除了通向王宫的主路外,其它支路都是为了显示更为普通的生活碎片服务的,那里有着最为平民化的日常生活。广场则是举行仪式的地方,在设计上就需要更加正式和简朴,那里还是特洛伊木马最后停留之处,扬和他的设计小组知道广场上将会有一个40英尺高的木马,所以其周围的一切不能比木马本身更打眼。 [5]特洛伊木马特洛伊木马是影片中最艰巨的设计挑战,特洛伊木马由希腊人用烧毁战船的木料建造而成,他们必须用12天完成。想要设计出一个如此重要的标志物,意味着美工设计师费尔普斯的设计必须可以唤起其他人对它的共识,当然,还要保持影片崇尚的现实主义风格。费尔普斯表示不想给木马安上轮子,因为那是一种拙劣而毫无意义的做法。经过大量的排除和选择,三位概念艺术家共同合作创造出木马的最后蓝图,一名雕刻家随即雕刻出一个12英寸的立体设计模型,最后,12名塑料雕刻家合力完成了真实尺寸的特洛伊木马。木马是在谢伯顿制片厂建造的,而且不得不将工序一分为二,因为没有足够空间容纳这个庞然大物。带有马腿的下半部和底盘先被制作出来,然后才是马身的上半部,包括头和肩膀。但直到两三个月后,木马才在马耳他第一次完整组装在一起。木马的主要材料是钢铁和玻璃纤维,只是外表貌似木制而已。木马大约有38英尺高、11吨重,工作人员花了几周时间才将其完全组装完毕。火烧特洛伊当特洛伊城内的所有场景拍摄完毕后,剧组投身到马耳他的最后一场戏--将他们煞费苦心建成的特洛伊城付之一炬。那场戏需要做出大量周密计划和协调工作,特效总监乔斯·威廉姆斯的特效小组铺设了几千英尺的输气管道,将5个液态丙烷气罐连接在一起,藏在特洛伊城街道两旁的建筑物后,由一个有着350个可独立操作的阀门系统所控制。每个气罐容量为5000升,既可以储存气体、也可以储存液体。为了保证演员的安全,在正式拍摄前,剧组演练了数周,在拍摄现场附近安排了医护小组和救护车,并备有几套撤离方案,随时应对突发情况。由于准备充分,在实拍时,全体演职人员全都毫发无损。 [5]墨西哥战场在结束马耳他的拍摄计划之后,剧组转道墨西哥的洛斯卡沃斯,于2003年7月11日开始了影片最艰险部分的拍摄。制片方早已在墨西哥招募了数百名工作人员,以便在350人的核心剧组抵达前准备就绪。新的外景地占地2800英亩,在剧组到来前已经完成了大量准备工作,雇佣了230名劳工,并从墨西哥城运来了大量建材,以建造希腊战船、阿波罗神殿和壮观的特洛伊城墙。其中最复杂的工作是为建造城墙清理场地,墨西哥海滩周围的几千英亩范围内布满灌木丛和仙人掌,并一直延伸进海里,剧组必须清理出1平方英里的区域作为战场,同时必须按需保留某些特定品种的仙人掌。同样,墨西哥海岸还是濒临灭绝的海龟的栖息地,制片方必须实施严格的海龟保护计划。在海滩环境得以保护和清理后,80名工匠马上开始建造特洛伊的外墙和城门,该项工程用去了4个月的时间和200吨石膏。建成的城墙长500英尺,平均高度40英尺,城门两侧的中央区域甚至达到了60英尺。在后期制作中,数字技术会让城墙再向两端延长数英里。不幸的是,在第一摄制组完成拍摄、第二摄制组还有两周就完成在墨西哥的拍摄时,一场飓风突袭了当地,影片外景地遭受了严重损失,三分之二的特洛伊城墙发生坍塌,重建工作又耗去了一个月的时间。 [5]军训特技组导演西蒙·克雷恩率领着一支由50位来自世界各地的特技人组成的特技团队,他们在影片开拍前就已经训练了6周。另外,还有1000名临时演员会根据各自擅长而被暂时分成几个小组,他们中间最出色的将会出现在战斗画面中。想要同时培训1000个人、让这些毫无经验的“菜鸟”动作协调、整齐划一,这绝对是一个艰巨异常的任务,这项工作交由军事技术顾问、前英军官员理查德·斯梅德利负责。在拍摄影片前,斯梅德利必须教会临时演员以同样的方式动作。这1000名临时演员中的绝大多数人从未接受过军事训练,直到他们的动作达成一致,关于影片需要的打斗技巧才开始步入正题。在马耳他,斯梅德利先对200名临时演员进行了大约4周的军训,教会了他们同时行军的技巧、正确握住武器的方法,以便随时准备参加在岛屿上拍摄的一些小型战斗场景。不过,一旦拍摄工作转移至墨西哥,战争场面就扩大了,斯梅德利不但要对其余的800名临时演员进行相应的军训,还需要一个更为出色的精英团队,他们必须具有绝对的说服力,让战斗场景更真实,并且还要具有地中海民族外貌。最后,斯梅德利从保加利亚首都的体育学院征集到了理想人选。在影片开拍的1个月前,他们将临演带到墨西哥,安排了为期3周的训练。 [5]虚拟技术虽然剧组在拍摄影片的战争场景时动用人数众多,但仍达不到数万人的壮观效果,于是一项革命性的视效技术得以应用。可以说《特洛伊》是“虚拟特技人”技术的处女作,该项新技术由占主导地位的MPC和Framestore CFC公司共同提供,以牛津大学生物系开发研制的一款软件为基础,该程序可以创造出虚拟的人物,当有外力施加于虚拟人物身上时,会产生与人类完全相同的反应,与大多数用电脑生成、依靠固定数据库的虚拟人物完全不同。虚拟演员可以独立行走,对周围环境的感知和反应同人类是一样的。 [5]制作发行播报编辑制作公司发行公司1. Radiant Productions (美国)1. Argentina Video Home (AVH) (阿根廷) (2004) (Argentina) (DVD)/(2004) (Argentina) (VHS)2. B计划 (美国)2. Fox-Warner (瑞士) (2004) (Switzerland) (theatrical)3. 华纳兄弟影片公司 (美国)3. Warner Bros. GmbH (德国) (2004) (Germany) (theatrical)4. 华纳兄弟公司 (阿根廷) (2004) (Argentina) (theatrical)5. 华纳兄弟公司 (巴西) (2004) (Brazil) (theatrical)6. 华纳兄弟公司 (法国) (2004) (France) (theatrical)7. 华纳兄弟公司 (意大利) (2004) (Italy) (theatrical)8. 华纳兄弟公司 (日本) (2004) (Japan) (theatrical)9. 华纳兄弟公司 (荷兰) (2004) (Netherlands) (theatrical)10. Warner Sogefilms S.A. (西班牙) (2004) (Spain) (theatrical)上映日期国家/地区上映/发行日期国家/地区上映/发行日期中国台湾2004年5月21日中国香港2004年6月17日美国2004年5月14日新西兰2004年5月13日澳大利亚2004年5月13日德国2004年5月13日法国2004年5月13日加拿大2004年5月14日希腊2004年5月14日英国2004年5月21日韩国2004年5月21日意大利2004年5月21日(信息来源)票房信息自2004年6月12日《特洛伊》在中国各大影院全线上映以来,各地影院一直呈现出热卖景象,首周末3天票房就已达到1500万元,截止到6月16日,全国票房已突破2000万元大关 [6]。影片评价播报编辑正面评价片场+花絮(5张)这是一部好看的商业片。从为人熟悉的传说来说,除了那众天神没有出来瞎掺和之外,黄的城、蓝的海、倾国倾城的美女海伦、战神阿喀琉斯、十全好男人赫克托尔等等应有尽有地出现影片中;从情节来说,简化版张弛有度,紧凑利落;论场面,虽不及《指环王》,但数万战士近身的冷兵器搏杀还是很能触动你的视听神经的;论打斗,估计特洛伊第一勇士赫克托尔与战神阿喀琉斯的单挑会让所有观众屏声敛气,心跳到嗓子眼上;说到煽情,你家兄弟杀死我家亲戚、我杀死你家兄弟、你又杀死我,一个个英雄消殒又怎不让人感慨唏嘘呢?至于演员,帅哥猛男美女一堆,表演也算到位 [7]。(《羊城晚报》评)影片以巨资打造,场面恢弘自然毋庸置疑:希腊人的白色战船如白色棋子一样布阵在湛蓝的爱琴海上逼近;5万士兵从海滩杀近特洛伊城,瞬间填满了整座山坡;所有的战斗在烈日黄沙上进行,分外具有阳刚色彩;阿喀琉斯出场的几场重头搏斗,因强调了其速度、谋略、力量、愤怒、爱情等不同侧面,各有特色,令人观而忘倦 [8]。(《长江日报》评)负面评价一次在古代谨慎的短暂游历,该片的服装设计是故意炫耀几个男演员体育家般肌肉发达的身体,而且让女影星穿上能轻松地脱下的束腰长袍。导演沃尔夫冈·彼德森和皮特首要关心的问题是如何避免自己显得荒唐可笑。(《世界报》评)影片在影节宫上映时,观众的反应是“既不狂热,但也没有口哨声”。在布拉德-皮特扮演的阿喀琉斯与埃里克扮演的赫克托耳展开决斗时,巴黎一家电影院里,观众们甚至爆发出嘲弄的笑声。(《巴黎人报》评)影片带给观众的是一个把希腊和亚洲、青铜时代和铁器时代混在一起的平常的古老传说,把这场战争削减到仅仅几天的争斗,就好像想用征服巴格达那么短的时间来讲述《伊利亚特》。在不同的打斗场面中,由简单字词组成的夸张对白说起来没完没了。(《巴黎日报》评)幕后+剧照(5张)这部耗资1.75亿美元的巨片充满勇气与荣誉,但是没什么内涵,而且没有忠于荷马的原著。《伊利亚特》原作中,希腊诸神在故事和战争的发展中扮演了重要的角色,这一点在影片中完全没有体现,没有不和女神厄里斯的金苹果,也缺少了爱与美神阿弗洛狄特向帕里斯许下的诺言:让他拥有世界上最美丽的女人 [9]。(美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)评)首先是影片节奏过于拖沓,就好像是一句话能说清的事,非要说五句话。其次,某些煽情手法太低级,比如说反复使用观战者的正面特写,而这些演员的表演也过于直白,瞪大眼睛眉头紧皱做抽泣状什么的。同时,故事主线不清晰,每个人物点到即止,即便阿喀琉斯这个最主要的角色也不够深入,阿喀琉斯的母亲一闪而过显得莫名其妙。此外,原本作为宣传亮点的特洛伊木马部分不够扎实,因为这是一段最广为人知的故事,即便没有看过《荷马史诗》,也都知道木马的典故。另一备受关注的角色——海伦,以她的扮演者戴安娜·克鲁的外貌和身材,本可以做到让她如《魔戒》中的丽芙·泰勒般惊艳,如今却被淹没在不当的化妆、灯光和镜头运用里了。同样失败的是阿喀琉斯的爱人、赫克托尔的表妹,这个从外型到表演都相当吸引人的女孩,由于造型的粗糙,在影片后半部分不可思议地变成了一个邋遢的女奴 [10]。(《精品购物指南》杂志评)新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000

Troy | Geography, Archaeology, Map, & Trojan War | Britannica

Troy | Geography, Archaeology, Map, & Trojan War | Britannica

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Troy

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Troy

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IntroductionGeographyArchaeologyThe search for Troy at HisarlıkFindingsThe Trojan WarMedieval legends

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Troy

ancient city, Turkey

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LiveScience - Ancient Troy: The City and the Legend

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Ancient Origins - Surprise Discovery Reveals Ancient City of Troy is 5,500 Years Old

Livius - Troy: excavation

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Livius - Troy: excavation

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Also known as: Ilion, Ilios, Ilium, Troia, Troja

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Table of Contents

Troy

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Category:

Geography & Travel

Greek:

Troia

(Show more)

Also called:

Ilios or Ilion

(Show more)

Latin:

Troia , Troja, or Ilium

(Show more)

Major Events:

Troy, Siege of

Trojan War

(Show more)

Key People:

Heinrich Schliemann

Carl Blegen

(Show more)

Related Places:

Turkey

Anatolia

ancient Middle East

Troas

(Show more)

See all related content →

Discover the truth about the Trojan War and the city of TroyLearn about Troy.(more)See all videos for this articleTroy, ancient city in northwestern Anatolia that holds an enduring place in both literature and archaeology. It occupied a key position on trade routes between Europe and Asia. The legend of the Trojan War, fought between the Greeks and the people of Troy, is the most notable theme from ancient Greek literature and forms the basis of Homer’s Iliad. Although the actual nature and size of the historical settlement remain matters of scholarly debate, the ruins of Troy at Hisarlık, Turkey, are a key archaeological site whose many layers illustrate the gradual development of civilization in northwestern Asia Minor. The extensive and complex ruins are open to visitors, and there is a museum on the site. There is much potential for future excavations. The ruins of Troy were enrolled as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1998. Geography Ancient Troy commanded a strategic point at the southern entrance to the Dardanelles (Hellespont), a narrow strait linking the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea via the Sea of Marmara. The city also commanded a land route that ran north along the west Anatolian coast and crossed the narrowest point of the Dardanelles to the European shore. In theory, Troy would have been able to use its site astride these two lines of communication to exact tolls from trading vessels and other travelers using them; the actual extent to which this took place, however, remains unclear. The Troad (Greek: Troias; “Land of Troy”) is the district formed by the northwestern projection of Asia Minor into the Aegean Sea. The present-day ruins of Troy itself occupy the western end of a low descending ridge in the extreme northwest corner of the Troad. Less than 4 miles (6 km) to the west, across the plain of the Scamander River (Küçükmenderes Çayı), is the Aegean Sea, and toward the north are the narrows of the Dardanelles.

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Archaeology The search for Troy at Hisarlık HisarlıkAncient ruins at Hisarlık, the site of historical Troy, in Turkey.(more)The approximate location of Troy was well known from references in works by ancient Greek and Latin authors, including Homer, Herodotus, and Strabo. But the exact site of the city remained unidentified until modern times. A large mound, known locally as Hisarlık, had long been understood to hold the ruins of a city named Ilion or Ilium that had flourished in Hellenistic and Roman times. In 1822 Charles Maclaren suggested that this was the site of Homeric Troy, but for the next 50 years his suggestion received little attention from Classical scholars, most of whom regarded the Trojan legend as a mere fictional creation based on myth, not history. Those who did believe in the existence of a real Troy thought it to be at Bunarbashi (Pınarbaşı), a short distance south of Hisarlık. It took Frank Calvert, a scholarly amateur archaeologist, until 1860 to begin exploratory work on Hisarlık. It was he who persuaded the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann to work at Hisarlık, though Schliemann soon took full credit for adopting Maclaren’s identification and demonstrating to the world that it was correct. (Not until the late 20th century was the full extent of Calvert’s role widely known.) In seven major and two minor campaigns between 1870 and 1890, Schliemann conducted excavations on a large scale mainly in the central area of the Hisarlık mound, where he exposed the remains of a walled citadel. After Schliemann’s death in 1890, the excavations were continued (1893–94) by his colleague Wilhelm Dörpfeld and later (1932–38) by an expedition from the University of Cincinnati headed by Carl W. Blegen. After a lapse of some 50 years, excavations resumed (1988–2005) under the leadership of University of Tübingen archaeologist Manfred Korfmann and continued after his death. Questions of Troy’s physical size, population, and stature as a trade entrepôt and regional power became subjects of intense scholarly dispute following the resumption of excavations at Hisarlık in the late 1980s. Although Homeric Troy was described as a wealthy and populous city, by this time some scholars had come to accept the probability of a lesser Troy—a relatively minor settlement, perhaps a princely seat. Beginning in 1988, Korfmann’s team investigated the terrain surrounding the citadel site in search of wider settlement. Korfmann’s findings at Hisarlık, drawn from geomagnetic surveying and isolated excavations, led him to conclude in favour of a greater Troy—that is, a settlement of some size and prosperity. His presentation of this perspective in a 2001 exhibition, accompanied by a controversial model reconstruction of the city, sparked especially intense scholarly debate over the city’s true nature.

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Findings Before excavations began, the mound rose to a height of 105 feet (32 metres) above the plain. It contained a vast accumulation of debris that was made up of many clearly distinguishable layers. Schliemann and Dörpfeld identified a sequence of nine principal strata, representing nine periods during which houses were built, occupied, and ultimately destroyed. At the end of each period when a settlement was destroyed (usually by fire or earthquake or both), the survivors, rather than clear the wreckage down to the floors, merely leveled it out and then built new houses upon it. The nine major periods of ancient Troy are labeled I to IX, starting from the bottom with the oldest settlement, Troy I. In periods I to VII Troy was a fortified stronghold that served as the capital of the Troad and the residence of a king, his family, officials, advisers, retinue, and slaves. Most of the local population, however, were farmers who lived in unfortified villages nearby and took refuge in the citadel in times of danger. Troy I to V corresponds roughly to the Early Bronze Age (c. 3000 to 1900 bce). The citadel of Troy I was small, not more than 300 feet (90 metres) in diameter. It was enclosed by a massive wall with gateways and flanking towers and contained perhaps 20 rectangular houses. Troy II was twice as large and had higher, sloping stone walls protecting an acropolis on which stood the king’s palace and other princely residences, which were built of brick in a megaron plan. This city came to an end through fire, and Schliemann mistakenly identified it with Homer’s Troy. In the “burnt layer’s” debris were found a trove of gold jewelry and ornaments and gold, silver, copper, bronze, and ceramic vessels that Schliemann named “Priam’s treasure.” The burning of Troy II seems to have been followed by an economic decline; each of the citadels of Troy III, IV, and V was fortified and somewhat larger than its predecessor, but the houses inside the walls were much smaller and more closely packed than in Troy II. Troy VI and VII may be assigned to the Middle and Late Bronze Age (c. 1900 to 1100 bce). Troy at this time had new and vigorous settlers who introduced domesticated horses to the Aegean area. They further enlarged the city and erected a magnificent circuit of cut limestone walls that were 15 feet (4.5 metres) thick at the base, rose to a height of more than 17 feet (5 metres), and had brick ramparts and watchtowers. Inside the citadel, which was now about 650 feet (200 metres) long and 450 feet (140 metres) wide, great houses were laid out on ascending, concentric terraces. Troy VI was destroyed by a violent earthquake a little after 1300 bce. Dörpfeld had identified this stage as Homeric Troy, but its apparent destruction by an earthquake does not agree with the realistic account of the sack of Troy in Greek tradition. Moreover, the city’s date, as indicated by imported Mycenaean pottery found in the earthquake debris, is too early for the Trojan War. The survivors of the earthquake quickly rebuilt the town, thus inaugurating the short-lived Troy VIIa. The ruins were leveled and covered over by new buildings, which were set close together and filled all available space inside the fortress. Almost every house was provided with one or several huge storage jars that were sunk deep into the ground, with only their mouths above the level of the floor. Troy VIIa probably lasted little more than a generation. The crowding together of houses and the special measures to store up food supplies suggest that preparations had been made to withstand a siege. The town was destroyed in a devastating fire, and remnants of human bones found in some houses and streets strengthen the impression that the town was captured, looted, and burnt by enemies. Based on the evidence of imported Mycenaean pottery, the end of Troy VIIa can be dated to between 1260 and 1240 bce. The Cincinnati expedition under Blegen concluded that Troy VIIa was very likely the capital of King Priam described in Homer’s Iliad, which was destroyed by the Greek armies of Agamemnon.

The partly rebuilt Troy VIIb shows evidence of new settlers with a lower level of material culture, who vanished altogether by 1100 bce. For about the next four centuries the site was virtually abandoned. About 700 bce Greek settlers began to occupy the Troad. Troy was reoccupied and given the Hellenized name of Ilion; this Greek settlement is known as Troy VIII. The Romans sacked Ilion in 85 bce, but it was partially restored by the Roman general Sulla that same year. This Romanized town, known as Troy IX, received fine public buildings from the emperor Augustus and his immediate successors, who traced their ancestry back to the Trojan Aeneas. After the founding of Constantinople (324 ce), Ilion faded into obscurity.

特洛伊战争(古希腊战争)_百度百科

争(古希腊战争)_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心特洛伊战争是一个多义词,请在下列义项上选择浏览(共7个义项)展开添加义项特洛伊战争播报讨论上传视频古希腊战争收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10特洛伊战争是以争夺世上最漂亮的女人海伦(Helen)为起因,以阿伽门农,墨涅拉俄斯为首的希腊联军进攻以普里阿摩斯为国王的特洛伊城的十年攻城战。根据《世界通史》的论述,特洛伊地处交通要道,商业发达,经济繁荣,人民生活富裕。亚细亚各君主结成联军,推举阿伽门农为统帅。他们对地中海沿岸最富有的地区早就垂涎三尺,一心想占为己有,于是以海伦为借口发动战争,这才是特洛伊战争的真正目的。希腊神话中时常提到特洛伊战争,整个故事是以荷马史诗《伊利亚特》(Iliad)为中心,加上索福克勒斯(Sophocles)的悲剧《埃阿斯》(Ajax)、《菲洛克忒忒斯》(Philoctetes),欧律庇德斯(Euripides)的悲剧《伊菲格涅娅在奥利斯》(Iphigenia at Aulis)、《安特罗玛克》(Andromache)、《赫库芭》(Hecuba),维吉尔(Virgil)的史诗《伊尼特》(Aeneid)、奥维德(Ovid)的长诗《古代名媛》(Heroides)等多部著作而成,故事详细地描述了特洛伊战争的情况。名    称特洛伊战争发生时间前1193年——前1183年地    点特洛伊城邦参战方古希腊、特洛伊结    果希腊获胜参战方兵力古希腊100810人 [1]主要指挥官阿伽门农、赫克托耳等起    因争夺世上最漂亮的女人海伦重要战术木马计历史典故特洛伊木马结束标志特洛伊木马屠城相关书籍《荷马史诗》相关电影特洛伊木马屠城目录1历史背景2战争诱因▪婚宴上金苹果▪帕里斯裁决3战争历程▪召集英雄▪往特洛伊▪围城前九年▪争执▪决斗4战役结果▪特洛伊人胜利▪杀死赫克托耳▪木马屠城历史背景播报编辑特洛伊战争发生在迈锡尼文明时期。迈锡尼文明是世界早期较为发达的文明,兴盛于公元前15世纪~前12世纪,最鼎盛的时期在公元前13世纪左右。这支文明的创造者已被证实是古希腊人的一支,只不过那个时候,他们还没有“希腊人”的称呼,他们被称作阿卡亚人。阿卡亚人大约在公元前1650年左右从巴尔干半岛迁徙到古希腊半岛的中部和南部,并在那里建立起一个奴隶制国家——迈锡尼王国。公元前12世纪,迈锡尼王国为了争夺海上霸权而跟小亚细亚西南沿海的国家发生冲突,其中最著名的就是特洛伊战争。10年的特洛伊战争消耗了迈锡尼大量的元气,让这个一度辉煌的国家变得千疮百孔。一场战争拖垮了一个文明,这也是特洛伊战争备受关注的一个原因。 [2]海伦身世斯巴达(sparta)王廷达柔斯(Tyndareus)被他的兄弟希波科翁(Hippocoon)逐出了他的王国,廷达柔斯流浪来到埃托利亚(Aetolia)国王忒提斯奥斯的国度,并娶了国王的女儿勒达(Leda)。后来另一英雄赫拉克勒斯(Heracles)战胜了希波科翁,将他所有儿子都杀死后,廷达柔斯就和他的妻子勒达回到斯巴达统治。他们有四个孩子,克吕滕涅斯特拉(Clytemnestra)和卡斯托尔(Castor)是廷达柔斯的孩子,而波吕杜克斯(Polydeuces)及美丽的海伦则是勒达和宙斯(Zeus)所生。特洛伊战争海伦的美貌冠绝希腊,连阿提卡半岛(Attica)的英雄忒修斯(Theseus)也曾尝试去劫走她。求婚者接踵而来以致内讧争斗,令廷达柔斯不知所措,最后机智的求婚者奥德修斯向廷达柔斯进言:“通过掷戒指的方式决定谁能娶走海伦,并让所有求婚者起誓,他们对海伦的丈夫永不拿起武器攻击他,并且需要求援时全力帮助他。”所有求婚者应允后,诸位来求婚的爱琴海首领通过掷戒指的方式选出了阿特柔斯(Atreus)的英俊儿子墨涅拉奥斯(Menelaus)。廷达柔斯死后,墨涅拉奥斯就成了斯巴达国王。战争诱因播报编辑婚宴上金苹果宙斯和河神阿索波斯(Asopus)的女儿埃吉娜(Aegina)生了儿子埃阿科斯(Aeacus),埃阿科斯又生了著名的英雄佩琉斯(Peleus),英雄忒拉蒙(Telamon)是佩琉斯的兄弟,也是赫拉克勒斯的好友。佩琉斯及忒拉蒙因妒杀死异母兄弟福科斯(Phocus)而逃亡,佩琉斯躲到弗提亚(Phthia),英雄欧律提翁(Eurytion)收留了他并把三分一国土给了他,又把女儿安提戈涅(Antigone)给他作妻。然而他在卡吕冬(Calydon)的狩猎中,意外杀死了欧律提翁。他再次来到伊奥尔科斯(Iolcus),那里的国王的阿卡斯托斯(Acastus)的妻子爱上了他,国王妻子求爱不成而诬陷佩琉斯。阿卡斯托斯趁佩琉斯在佩利翁山(Pelion)上睡着时收起他的宝剑,让他被半人马杀死。不过得到了半人马喀戎(Chiron)的帮助,他找回剑并击退其他野蛮的半人马。佩琉斯为报复,在狄奥斯库罗伊(Dioscuri),卡斯托尔及波吕杜克斯的帮助下占领了伊奥尔科斯,并杀死了阿卡斯托斯及其妻子。此时,泰坦神普罗米修斯(Prometheus)告诉宙斯如和忒提斯(Tethys/Thetis)结婚将诞下一个推翻宙斯的人,因此他劝宙斯将忒提斯嫁给佩琉斯为妻,而他们的孩子将是一个伟大的英雄,不过条件是要佩琉斯先战胜忒提斯。佩琉斯知悉后躲在那个忒提斯常休息的山洞趁她不觉时捉住她,忒提斯无论变成母狮、水蛇及海水,佩琉斯都没放手,就这样佩琉斯就胜利了。众神都在半人马喀戎的山洞庆祝两人的婚礼,只有不和女神厄里斯(Eris)没被邀请参加,厄里斯不愤想出诡计,从赫斯佩里得斯果园(Hesperides)采了一只金苹果,并写上“给最美丽的女神”并扔在宴会上,赫拉(Hera)、雅典娜(Athena)及阿芙罗狄忒(Aphrodite)三个女神各认为自己是理所当然应得的,宙斯拒绝作裁判,于是三人带着苹果到伊达山(Ida)上,找特洛伊(Troy)国王普里阿摩斯的英俊儿子帕里斯(Paris)作裁决。帕里斯裁决帕里斯是普里阿摩斯及赫库芭(Hecuba)的儿子。其母生他前作了一个噩梦,梦到特洛伊地受大火洗礼,预言家告诉赫库芭这个儿子将毁了特洛伊,因此普里阿摩斯就命仆人阿戈拉奥斯(Aglaos)把孩子带到伊达山抛弃,阿戈拉奥斯养大了他,他力大出众,保护畜群及朋友,因此别人叫他阿勒克珊德洛斯(Alexander),意即惊人的男子汉。此时三个女神来到帕里斯的面前要他作裁决,三个女神都提出给他奖品,赫拉答应给他至高无上的权力,雅典娜要给他最聪明的头脑,而阿芙罗狄忒则要给他世上最漂亮的女子海伦作妻,帕里斯把金苹果交了给阿芙罗狄忒,于是阿芙罗狄忒答应帮帕里斯诱惑斯巴达王后海伦。之后,帕里斯回到了特洛伊参加了英雄们的竞技,连赫克托尔也败给他,普里阿摩斯的儿子瞧不起帕里斯,当中得伊福玻斯(Deiphobus)拔剑欲杀死他,帕里斯走到宙斯的祭坛参求庇护,祭坛中普里阿摩斯的女儿、预言家卡桑德拉(Cassandra)看见了他,她立刻认出了帕里斯。普里阿摩斯非常开心,尽管卡桑德拉警告他帕里斯是个祸根,普里阿摩斯却听不进耳。成为王子后,帕里斯受到阿芙罗狄忒的唆使,乘船到斯巴达找海伦,和他的朋友埃涅阿斯(Aeneas)上了岸,作为客人探访斯巴达国王墨涅拉奥斯(Menelaus),宴上海伦被迷惑。过了几天,墨涅拉奥斯说要到克里特岛(Crete),临行前嘱咐海伦好好招呼客人。墨涅拉奥斯一走,帕里斯就唆使海伦离开丈夫,跟他同赴特洛伊,海伦为了爱情抛弃了一切,包括她的女儿赫尔弥奥涅。回程途中,海神涅柔斯(Nereus)突然将船停住,告诉他们要付出代价,然而阿芙罗狄忒安慰他们,三天后他们就回到了特洛伊。战争历程播报编辑召集英雄当帕里斯一登船,众神就派使者伊里斯(Iris)到克里特岛找墨涅拉奥斯,墨涅拉奥斯回到希腊后,见到财宝被劫走,海伦又离他而去后,他怒火万丈,并找他的哥哥阿伽门侬,阿伽门侬建议召集当年起誓的英雄一起进攻特洛伊,墨涅拉奥斯接受劝告,先到皮洛斯(Pylus)找年长托尔非常生气决定亲自出征,并且带上自己两个儿子特拉叙墨得斯(Thrasymedes)及安提洛科斯(Antilochus)。其他征讨的还包括阿尔戈斯(Argos)国王、提丢斯(Tydeus)的儿子狄奥墨得斯(Diomedes),欧博亚(Euboea)国王儿子帕拉墨得斯(Paramedes),克里特岛国王、弥洛斯(Minus)的孙子伊多墨纽斯(Idomeneus),赫拉克勒斯好友菲洛克忒忒斯(Philoctetes),他拥有赫拉克勒斯的弓箭,预言者预言没有这些箭,特洛伊是攻不破的。另外还s国王、忒拉蒙(Telamon)的儿子大埃阿斯(Ajax)及罗克里斯(Locris)来的英雄奥伊琉斯(Oileus)的儿子小埃阿斯(Ajax),不过尚欠两个人未到。伊塔卡(Ithaca)国王拉厄尔忒斯(Laertes)的儿子奥德修斯(Odysseus)以机智闻名,他刚与妻子佩涅洛佩(Penelope)结婚不久,诞下儿子忒勒玛科斯(Telemachus),因此不愿同行,当奥德修斯得知墨涅拉奥斯、阿伽门侬、涅斯托尔及帕拉墨得斯来到伊塔卡时,他就装疯把牛套套在犁上耕田,又把盐撒到田里,帕拉墨得斯看出他的假扮,就把他的儿子放在田上,果然奥德修斯就在孩子前停了下来,奥德修斯不得不承认自己是假扮,只得履行当年的承诺,从这时起奥德修斯便恨帕拉墨得斯,并决心要报复。另一位未到的是阿喀琉斯,他就是佩琉斯与忒提斯的儿子,注定是要做伟大英雄的悲剧人物。女神忒提斯知道阿喀琉斯会死于特洛伊,当阿喀琉斯还是婴儿时,他母亲就提着他的脚后跟将他浸于冥河斯提克斯(the River Styx),令他刀枪不入,佩琉斯又将他交给马人喀戎教导,致使他能用各种兵器,当墨涅拉奥斯要出征的消息传宫殿中,但是预言家卡尔卡斯泄露了他的行踪,并告知他们阿喀琉斯身穿女服,不易辨认,奥德修斯和狄奥墨得斯就假扮商人来到宫殿,把货物放在殿前,公主们都爱看珠宝首饰,只有阿喀琉斯在看武器,此时传来剑击声,其实这是狄奥墨得斯在殿外发出的,阿喀琉斯以为有敌人立时拿武器杀敌,就这样他就被认了出来,阿喀琉斯高兴能参与战事,他还把两个朋友智者福尼克斯(Phoenix)及帕特罗克洛斯(Patroclus)带去战场。佩琉斯知命运如此,就把结婚时众神送的铠甲、海神波塞冬(Poseidon)送的马及基戎的长矛都给阿喀琉斯。往特洛伊英雄们聚集在奥利斯港湾(Aulis),军队人数有十万人,船数一千一百八十六。出发前大家都在岸边祭坛作献祭,忽然间祭坛下面爬出了一条血红的怪蛇,它弯曲成环状爬上了树,爬到树最高处的一个鸟巢,吃了一只雌鸟和八只雏鸟,然后变成一块石头。众人大惑,预言家卡尔卡斯给他们揭示了意思,他说英雄们要围城九年,只有在第十年才能攻下特洛伊,众人大喜向著亚该亚(Asia)出发。开航不久,希腊人在米西亚(Mysia)靠岸,这里由赫拉克勒斯儿子忒勒福斯(Telaphus)统治,希腊人以为这里就是特洛伊就开始攻城,阿喀琉斯令忒勒福斯逃回城中,清晨时希腊人在收拾尸体时才知他们打的是同盟者而非特洛伊人,希腊人与忒勒福斯签订和约,由于忒勒福斯是普里阿摩斯的女婿,他不愿出征打自己的岳父,却承诺会帮助希腊人。离开米西亚海岸后,英雄们遇到可怕的风暴,他们迷失了方向,最后又回到出发港奥利斯,第一次行动失败,他们将自己的船都拖上岸,在岸上组成一个很大的军营,许多英雄都回家去,连统帅阿伽门侬也离开奥利斯,他们无法得知去特洛伊的路,只有忒勒福斯才知道,可是不久前希腊人才刚与他战斗,在战斗中,忒勒福斯伤了他的大腿,伤口痛到了无法忍受的地步,忒勒福斯去德尔菲问阿波罗如何可治好创伤,女祭司皮提亚(Pythia)说只有阿喀琉斯才可治好他,他就打扮成乞丐去见阿伽门侬,他见到阿伽门侬的妻子克吕滕涅斯特拉,克吕滕涅斯特拉向忒勒福斯建议,当阿伽门侬进来时,可以从摇篮抱起阿伽门侬的儿子奥瑞斯忒斯(Orestes),威胁他如果不治好其伤就把把小孩撞得粉碎,果然这令阿伽门侬非常害怕并同意治好他,因为他也知道只有忒勒福斯可以指出去特洛伊的路,阿伽门侬派人找阿喀琉斯,阿喀琉斯却不知如何治好忒勒福斯的伤,奥德修斯告诉阿喀琉斯解药就是矛尖上的铁锈,撒在忒勒福斯的伤口上果然快速愈合,于是忒勒福斯就答应带领众人往特洛伊。可是海面上仍一直刮著逆风,原来是女神阿尔忒弥斯(Artemis)派来的,因为阿伽门侬曾杀死女神的神鹿令女神非常生气。英雄们只得呆等风停,预言家卡尔卡斯告诉大家只有把阿伽门侬的女儿伊菲格涅娅(Iphigenia)作祭品献给女神才会饶恕希腊人,阿伽门侬得知后宁愿放弃出征,墨涅拉奥斯再三请求,阿伽门侬终让步,并派使者急步前往迈锡尼(Mycenae),隐瞒妻子说女儿要与阿喀琉斯订婚而要带女儿来军营,当第一个使者离开军营后,阿伽门侬又后悔派第二个使者告诉其妻真相,然而第二个使者被墨涅拉奥斯截住了,并谴责阿伽门侬的背叛,两人争吵间克吕滕涅斯特拉及伊菲格涅娅已到。阿伽门侬悲恸不已,却装得平静地去看妻女,伊菲格涅娅看出父亲有难言之隐,阿伽门侬出去想找卡尔卡斯有没有其他的方法,阿伽门侬一出去,阿喀琉斯就进来要求出发或者放他们回家,克吕滕涅斯特拉祝贺这位女儿的未婚夫,阿喀琉斯不明所以,此时第二个送信的使者向她和盘托出真相,克吕滕涅斯特拉大哭要求阿喀琉斯保护她的女儿,阿喀琉斯答允。军营士兵知道后开始骚动,阿伽门侬无奈,奥德修斯率领士兵们直扑阿伽门侬的帐篷,而阿喀琉斯决定誓死保护伊菲格涅娅。剑拔弩张之际,伊菲格涅娅站出来请求自我献祭并说服阿喀琉斯不要保护她,阿喀琉斯还是服从了她的意志,伊菲格涅娅走到祭坛前,传令官塔尔提比奥斯(Talthybios)命所有人保持沉默,卡尔卡斯拿出献祭用的宝刀,高喊阿尔忒弥斯女神的名字,祈求一路顺风,当刀触及少女之焰,天上出现奇迹,阿尔忒弥斯把伊菲格涅娅摄走,刀所触及的只是一只赤牝鹿,大家都欣喜女神的慈悲,因为女神把伊菲格涅娅带到陶里斯(Tauris)的欧克辛斯蓬托斯(Euxine Pontus)的海岸边的女神庙作祭召,就在此时海上已刮起顺风,全体士兵整装待发。围城前九年希腊人再次出发,沿途风平浪静,预言家告诉他们必须在莱姆诺斯岛(Lemnos)旁的克律塞岛(Chryse)上对女神克律塞斯(Chryses)作献祭才能攻城顺利,菲洛克忒忒斯知道这个祭坛的位置,领袖们在岛上跟著菲洛克忒忒斯来到祭坛,此时一条大蛇窜出并咬了菲洛克忒忒斯的脚,蛇毒令菲洛克忒忒斯脚痛得很厉害,臭味四溢,他早晚呻吟令大家都埋怨起来,最后奥德修斯建议把他抛弃到莱姆洛斯岛的海岸上,就当菲洛克忒忒斯在船上熟睡之际,领袖们把他放在岛上两个岩石之间,给他留下了弓箭衣服食物,菲洛克忒忒斯就这样被遗下了,但因为没有他是攻不下特洛伊地的,希腊人在围城第十年不得不再请他回来。希腊人终于来到了特洛伊地的海岸,预言家警告谁第一个踏足海岸的就会先死,奥德修斯为了吸引将士上岸,自己把盾牌扔到岸上,灵活地跳上盾牌,英雄普罗忒西拉奥斯(Protesilaus)渴望建立军功,没留意到奥德修斯的诡计,就立即跳上岸杀敌,特洛伊的英雄赫克托尔以长矛一飞,他就结束了性命,大家万众一心杀敌,特洛伊人抵挡不住退回城里。第二天双方停火收拾尸体和埋葬战士,之后希腊人把船拖上岸并修筑防御工事,阿喀琉斯及大埃阿斯的帐篷设在工事的两端,以便防御偷袭.阿伽门侬及奥德修斯的帐篷则在中央,以便统率全军,修好后就派墨涅拉奥斯及奥德修斯与特洛伊人谈判,他们要求归还财宝及海伦,本来特洛伊人自知理亏已准备接受一切要求,但是帕里斯第一个不从,部份兄弟而支持他,被收买的安提玛科斯(Antimachus)甚至要求逮捕墨涅拉奥斯并处死他。当中特洛伊预言家赫勒诺斯(Helenus)更鼓舞地道神会让特洛伊胜利,最后特洛伊人拒绝和谈,战争正式开始。希腊人开始围城,攻了三次都无功而还,特洛伊人也不敢贸然出城进攻,希腊人只得侵占附近的城邦,这包括忒涅多斯岛(Tenedos)、莱斯博斯岛(Lesbos)、佩达斯城(Pedas)、吕尔奈斯城(Lyrniseus)等。当中彼奥提亚的忒拜也被占领,此城是赫克托尔妻子安德罗马克(Andromache)之父埃提翁(Eatcon)所治理,阿喀琉斯一天所杀了安德罗马克七个弟兄,并俘虏了阿波罗祭师克律塞斯的女儿克律塞伊斯(Chryseis)及布里塞斯(Briseis),希腊人把克律塞伊斯送给了阿伽门侬。这九年间,希腊很多英雄都战死了,包括英雄帕拉墨得斯,他对希腊人作出了无数的贡献,可是奥德修斯出于嫉妒之心,加上当时帕拉墨得斯揭穿了奥德修斯装疯的诡计,奥德修斯就趁帕拉墨得斯想议和时诬陷他,奥德修斯把黄金藏在他的帐篷,并流传他被普里阿摩斯收买了,很多人开始相信,另奥德修斯又伪造文书,阿伽门侬得到文书后,召集所有领袖到帐篷,这包括帕拉墨得斯,帕拉墨得斯百辞莫辩,被判钉上锁链被人用石头砸死,帕拉墨得斯求饶不果后就在海边被处死了,这导致后来他的父亲欧博亚国王瑙普利奥斯(Nauplius)的报复,起初阿伽门侬甚至不允许埋葬帕拉墨得斯的尸体,然而大埃阿斯不相信帕拉墨得斯背叛而安葬了他。争执终于到了围城的第十年,阿波罗的祭司克律塞斯来到希腊军中恳求阿伽门侬释放其女克律塞伊斯,并愿意拿出大量的赎金,当中只有阿伽门侬不许,并骂走了克律塞斯,克律塞斯向阿波罗控诉,于是阿波罗令希腊军患上瘟疫,在第十天,在军中的大会中,阿喀琉斯要求卡尔卡斯揭示神为什么发怒,卡尔卡斯得到阿喀琉斯的保护下和盘托出,并要求阿伽门侬归还克律塞伊斯,阿伽门侬大怒,但在众目睽睽之下只得遵从,然而他却要求得到更多的奖金及军功,要把阿喀琉斯、奥德修斯及大埃阿斯的那份让出来,阿喀琉斯威胁回家去,而阿伽门侬却更说要将阿喀琉斯的女奴布里塞斯拿来,阿喀琉斯被激起欲举剑杀阿伽门侬,此时雅典娜止住了他,因为两个英雄对赫拉来说都是重要的,雅典娜又告诉阿喀琉斯阿伽门侬不久就要会为自己的狂言付出代价,于是阿喀琉斯就怒气冲冲地和朋友帕特罗克洛斯回帐篷去。而奥德修斯则将克律塞伊斯带往埃提翁城归还克律塞斯。当奥德修斯离开之时,阿伽门侬真的派传令官塔尔提比奥斯及欧律巴忒斯(Eurybates)去拿阿喀琉斯的女奴布里塞斯,阿喀琉斯知道一切都只是阿伽门侬的主意,于是让他们带走心爱的布里塞斯,阿喀琉斯伤心欲绝,向住在大海的母亲忒提斯哭诉,忒提斯答应向宙斯投诉阿伽门侬的无礼而降罪于他,不过由于宙斯去了埃塞俄比亚人(Ethiopian)那里赴宴,因此要十二天后才回来,从这天起,阿喀琉斯就一直留在帐篷不参与任何战事。在第十二天,宙斯回到奥林巴斯山(Mt. Olympus),忒提斯乞求宙斯在阿伽门侬未向阿喀琉斯道歉前,先让特洛伊人胜利,尽管宙斯知道这会惹赫拉生气,但念在忒提斯在从前众神欲推翻宙斯之时,忒提斯曾叫百手巨人布里阿瑞奥斯(Briareus)帮过他,于是宙斯就如她所愿。他派睡神许普诺斯给阿伽门侬假的梦,让他以为神预兆他破城在即。阿伽门侬梦醒后立即召集所有的将士英雄,他在广场上试探大家的意欲,向大家宣布回家去,大家都欣喜若狂把船推到海边,赫拉担心阿伽门侬弄假成真,就派雅典娜严正地告诉奥德修斯阻止众人,奥德修斯立时取了阿伽门侬那象征最高权力的权杖命令众人回到广场,最后大家都鱼贯回到广场,喧闹又恢复到平静,只有忒尔西忒斯(Thersites)一人继续在叫嚣,他勇敢地站出来反对国王,他尤其反对阿伽门侬及阿喀琉斯,在广场上他辱骂阿伽门侬自私没胆。奥德修斯走到他的面前警告他住口,并用权杖打了忒尔西忒斯。奥德修斯重新鼓舞希腊人,军队在向宙斯献祭后向特洛伊城进攻,然而他们却不知道宙斯拒绝了他们的献祭。决斗墨涅拉奥斯和帕里斯:众神的使者伊里斯变成普里阿摩斯儿子波吕忒斯(Polites)的样子向特洛伊人通报希腊军的迫近,特洛伊军列队走出了城,两军对峙时帕里斯从特洛伊军走出来,示意跟墨涅拉奥斯单挑,墨涅拉奥斯亢奋起来,他终于可以亲手报仇了。帕里斯看到墨涅拉奥斯亢奋的样子,怕得缩在朋友的旁边,赫克托尔就责骂他是个胆小鬼,并指责他是战争的罪魁祸首,帕里斯硬著头皮迎战,于是两军都停息静气,此时墨涅拉奥斯要求普里阿摩斯见证这场决斗,同时伊里斯女神化作普里阿摩斯女儿拉奥狄克(Laodice)的样子,叫海伦登上斯开亚门(Secia)的塔楼观战,普里阿摩斯与阿伽门侬、奥德修斯等向众神作了献祭,立誓遵守条约后就回到塔楼上,他不忍近距离看到任一方的死亡。决斗开始时由帕里斯先向墨涅拉奥斯掷矛,他的长矛中了墨涅拉奥斯的盾牌却没有穿过它,当墨涅拉奥斯掷矛时,矛穿过了帕里斯的盾牌及铠甲,帕里斯反应快才跳到一边才得救了。墨涅拉奥斯以剑作攻击,但由于用力太猛剑断为四节,墨涅拉奥斯便徒手抓著帕里斯,把帕里斯拖往希腊军中,帕里斯透不过气来,此时阿芙罗狄忒赶来帮助被击败了的帕里斯,她割断了帕里斯的头盔带令墨涅拉奥斯手中只剩下一个头盔,并用浓雾遮住墨涅拉奥斯,伺机将帕里斯摄回城中。墨涅拉奥斯大怒,阿伽门侬宣布墨涅拉奥斯的胜利,要求特洛伊军交纳贡赋,却得不到回应。这时,赫拉要求宙斯派雅典娜去挑动特洛伊人毁约,宙斯不愿地顺从,雅典娜化身为安忒诺尔(Antenor)的儿子拉奥多科斯(Laodocus)走到潘达罗斯(Pandarus)面前,说服他用箭射死墨涅拉奥斯,潘得罗斯发箭,雅典娜却刻意让箭只射进墨涅拉奥斯的肌肤,并无大碍,希腊军的医生玛卡翁(Machaon)在伤口上撒了药粉,而特洛伊军而大举趁机进攻,指挥希腊军的是雅典娜,而指挥特洛伊军的却是战神阿瑞斯(Ares),希腊人势如破竹,阿波罗告诉特洛伊人阿基琉斯并不在希腊军中,而雅典娜女神则特别加助狄奥墨得斯力量,潘达罗斯见状向狄奥墨得斯发箭,箭虽中却没伤了狄奥墨得斯性命,潘达罗斯以为狄奥墨得斯身亡,却不料狄奥墨得斯已叫另一英雄斯忒涅洛斯(Sthenleus)叫到跟前拔箭,并求雅典娜替他报仇。雅典娜女神赋予他力气,让他在军中杀伤阿芙罗狄忒。特洛伊的英雄、阿芙罗狄忒之子埃涅阿斯(Aeneas)叫潘达罗斯一同击退狄奥墨得斯。狄奥墨得斯掷矛刺死潘达罗斯,埃涅阿斯保护潘达罗斯尸首,狄奥墨得斯向埃阿涅斯掷大石,幸得阿芙罗狄忒保护了他。狄奥墨得斯追上了女神并刺伤了她,阿芙罗狄忒退走遗下埃阿涅斯,狄奥墨得斯再向埃阿涅斯,三次都被阿波罗挡回,第四次进攻时被阿波罗喝退。阿波罗把埃阿涅斯带到他在特洛伊的神庙里,而造了一个假替身放在战场上,阿波罗叫战神阿瑞斯制服狄奥墨得斯,于是阿瑞斯变与色雷斯(Thracia)英雄阿卡玛斯(Acamas)跑去鼓舞特洛伊人,而埃阿斯兄弟、奥德修斯及狄奥墨得斯则在指挥希腊人,然而希腊军却被杀得连连后退,战斗中,希腊军的特勒波勒摩斯(Tlepolemus)被宙斯儿子萨尔佩冬用长矛刺死,萨尔佩冬也因腰伤而被拖走了。赫拉和雅典娜见此情况,雅典娜女神便变身为英雄斯滕托尔(Stentor)鼓舞希腊人,又对狄奥墨得斯说不用怕对神作出攻击,并劝他攻击阿瑞斯。雅典娜趁阿瑞斯杀死英雄佩里法斯(Peliphas)之时,令阿瑞斯看不到她而和狄奥墨得斯两人走到他附近,对阿瑞斯作出了攻击,阿瑞斯受伤后回宙斯处告状,宙斯派神医派翁(Paeon)治好了阿瑞斯,并说服了阿瑞斯重回战场。战役结果播报编辑赫克托尔回到城中,匆忙走向皇宫,在宫中,他碰到自己的母亲赫库芭,他叫母亲快去召集特洛伊的妇女们向雅典娜作献祭以制止发了狂的狄奥墨得斯,得到赫库芭答应后,他又去找帕里斯,他见帕里斯只在检查自己的武器时就谴责他一点也不紧张,美丽的海伦也同样在谴责他,帕里斯说自己正准备战斗,赫克托尔没多留片刻,就去找妻子安得罗玛克,在城门上他找到了妻子及儿子阿斯提阿那克斯(Astyanax).安得罗玛克知道自己的丈夫将命丧战场,劝赫克托尔别上战场,赫克托尔不许又从斯开亚门(Sceia)那里出去赴战,赶上了刚上战场的帕里斯,他们的出现令特洛伊人士气大振,他们联同格劳科斯(G;aucus)杀死了希腊的许多英雄,雅典娜女神欲帮助希腊人,刚撞上帮助特洛伊人的太阳神阿波罗,阿波罗只答应休战,两位神决定为了止战,必须让赫克托尔和希腊最著名的英雄单挑,赫克托尔的兄弟赫勒诺斯感应到神的意思,就叫赫克托尔如此地做,战场上两军都暂且停战,只有赫克托尔叫阵,希腊军无人敢应战,墨涅拉奥斯非常愤怒,宁愿自己作战,阿伽门侬止住了他,因为单挑赫克托尔是连阿基琉斯也没必胜信心的事,长者涅斯托尔教训希腊的英雄,这时,有九个人愿意作单挑,分别是阿伽门侬、狄奥墨得斯、大埃阿斯、小埃阿斯、伊多墨纽斯(Idomeneus)、墨里奥涅斯(Meriones)、欧律皮洛斯(Eurypylus)、托阿斯(Thoas)及奥德修斯、大埃阿斯被抽中出战,他非常高兴走了出来,此时赫克托尔也有点胆怯。战斗开始时.赫克托尔先投枪,被大埃阿斯的盾牌挡住了,大埃阿斯投枪穿过了赫克托尔的盾牌及护甲,可是矛尖却偏了一边才救了赫克托尔一命,两位英雄拾枪再战,大埃阿斯又一次刺穿了赫克托尔的盾牌,并刺伤了他的脖子,之后大埃阿斯拾起大石投向赫克托尔,这次伤了赫克托尔的脚,阿波罗迅速将他抬起他,这时两位英雄就要进行埋身战了,然而千钧一发间,传令官来到制止了战事,以避免两败俱伤,两人识英雄重英雄,互相交换了腰带以作纪念,特洛伊人为赫克托尔未受大碍而高兴,而希腊军也看到大埃阿斯的强大而鼓舞,双方同意休战,入夜后双方进行了各自的会议,尽管特洛伊军向希腊军提出交还财宝及额外的珠宝,但希腊军却因帕里斯不肯交还海伦而拒绝停火。特洛伊人胜利翌晨,宙斯召集众神警告他们当天不可帮任何一边,他乘着马车来到伊达山的山顶观战,战争一直持续到中午,此时宙斯拿出天秤,特洛伊人的一边高举,而希腊军一边则倾到地面,宙斯令雷声作响,希腊军全体撤退,只有涅斯托尔一人留在战场,此时帕里斯射伤了他的马的眼睛,马立即变得不受控制,赫克托尔赶到举剑要杀涅斯托尔,刚好狄奥墨得斯赶到把涅斯托尔拉上自己的战车,便去迎战赫克托尔,他刺中了赫克托尔的驭者,马车不受控制,英雄阿尔克普托勒摩斯(Arheptolem)登上了战车代替驭者,宙斯以闪电投向马前,马吓得乱窜,涅斯托尔劝狄奥墨得斯离开战场,因为宙斯不想见到他的胜利,狄奥墨得斯听从,特洛伊军乘胜追击,赫克托尔对狄奥墨得斯拼命嘲笑,狄奥墨得斯三次想回到战场却都被雷电止住,涅斯托尔明白胜利将归特洛伊人,而赫拉请求波塞冬援助希腊军,波塞冬拒绝了她。战斗直逼至希腊军的围墙边,阿伽门侬请求宙斯帮助,此时宙斯起了怜悯之心,带来了吉兆,一只巨鹰将一只鹿攫起并投在宙斯的神坛上面,希腊人士气大增,当中以狄奥墨得斯最为兴奋杀敌,另外,特克罗斯(Teucer)也杀死了普里阿摩斯的儿子戈尔古提翁(Gorguthion)及阿尔克普托勒摩斯,赫克托尔大怒用巨石打伤了他的肩,幸好大埃阿斯来到掩护他才幸免于难。特洛伊人由围墙攻至希腊军的船边,尽管女神们想帮助希腊军,但宙斯却派使者伊里斯阻止她们并威胁要动怒,女神们都止住了,宙斯对赫拉说在阿伽门侬主动向阿喀琉斯和好前,特洛伊人还要得胜。入夜后,赫克托尔率军在城外扎营,务求第二天一举击退希腊军。杀死赫克托耳尽管希腊军抵敌艰苦奋战,但赫克托耳还是率军攻进了希腊人的壁垒。赫克托耳突破抵抗开始放火烧船,希腊人面临着严重的危机。就在这个时候,阿基琉斯的朋友帕特罗克洛斯决定穿上阿基琉斯的盔甲代友出战,获得了暂时性的胜利,却在冲击特洛亚人的城墙的过程中被赫克托耳杀死。两军鏖战争夺帕特罗克洛斯的尸体,最后尸体被希腊军抢回,阿基琉斯的盔甲却被赫克托耳抢走。阿基琉斯悲怆不已,决定消除愤怒亲自上阵杀死赫克托耳。阿基琉斯与阿伽门农和解。阿基琉斯让母亲忒提斯请火神赫菲斯托斯打造装备。两军再度交锋,阿基琉斯率领希腊军队击败特洛亚军队,当天傍晚阿基琉斯杀到特洛亚城下。追逐着赫克托耳绕城跑了三圈,最终阿基琉斯与赫克托耳大战并杀死赫克托耳。阿基琉斯侮辱地将赫克托耳的尸体带回希腊营中并为帕特罗克洛斯举行了葬礼和竞技。普里阿摩斯国王为了取回儿子赫克托耳的尸体来到希腊营中,阿基琉斯最终同意他带回赫克托耳的尸体。赫克托耳死后,阿基琉斯继续在战场上大显神威,先后与阿玛宗女王彭忒西勒亚和黎明女神厄俄斯之子门农交战并获胜,却不幸被赫克托耳的弟弟帕里斯的箭(一说为阿波罗的箭) 射中脚后跟而死。两军再次为争夺英雄的尸体而战,最终希腊军中的大埃阿斯和奥德修斯力战保得阿基琉斯全尸。但阿基琉斯死后的装备又引起两位主将的争执,最终奥德修斯凭借出众的口才获得阿基琉斯的装备,大埃阿斯羞愧难当,本意欲杀死奥德修斯和阿伽门农,却被雅典娜捉弄,屠杀了希腊的牲畜。大埃阿斯于是选择用与赫克托耳交战时获得的剑在海滩上自杀。此后两军时有交战,但哪一方都无法取得决定性的胜利。而希腊将领菲罗克忒忒斯在此时又射伤了引起这场战争的帕里斯。帕里斯身负重伤,对此前所作所为感到悔恨,希望求得原配的原谅,却未能如愿。最后死在半路上,其原配在听闻此消息后也一同殉葬。而此时,希腊人围攻特洛亚城也久久未能得手。这时奥德修斯想出了一招木马计,希望通过木马计毁灭特洛亚城。木马屠城有一天非常奇怪。希腊联军的战舰突然扬帆离开了。平时喧闹的战场变得寂静无声。特洛伊人以为希腊人撤军回国了,他们跑到城外,却发现海滩上留下一只巨大的木马。特洛伊人惊讶地围住木马,他们不知道这木马是干什么用的。有人要把它拉进城里,有人建议把它烧掉或推到海里。正在这时,有几个牧人捉住了一个希腊人,他被绑着去见特洛伊国王。这个希腊人告诉国王,这个木马是希腊人用来祭祀雅典娜女神的。希腊人估计特洛伊人会毁掉它,这样就会引起天神的愤怒。但如果特洛伊人把木马拉进城里,就会给特洛伊人带来神的赐福,所以希腊人把木马造得这样巨大,使特洛伊人无法拉进城去。特洛伊国王相信了这话,正准备把木马拉进城时,特洛伊的祭司拉奥孔跑来制止,他要求把木马烧掉,并拿长矛刺向木马。木马发出了可怕的响声,这时从海里窜出两条可怕的蛇,扑向拉奥孔和他的两个儿子。拉奥孔和他的儿子拼命和巨蛇搏斗,但很快被蛇缠死了。两条巨蛇从容地钻到雅典娜女神的雕像下,不见了。希腊人又说,“这是因为他想毁掉献给女神的礼物,所以得到了惩罚。”特洛伊人赶紧把木马往城里拉。但木马实在太大了,它比城墙还高,特洛伊人只好把城墙拆开了一段。当天晚上,特洛伊人欢天喜地,庆祝胜利,他们跳着唱着,喝光了一桶又一桶的酒,直到深夜才回家休息,做着关于和平的美梦。深夜,一片寂静。劝说特洛伊人把木马拉进城的希腊人其实是个间谍。他走到木马边,轻轻地敲了三下,这是约好的暗号。藏在木马中的全副武装的希腊战士一个又一个地跳了出来。他们悄悄地摸向城门,杀死了睡梦中的守军,迅速打开了城门,并在城里到处点火。隐蔽在附近的大批希腊军队如潮水般涌入特洛伊城。10年的战争终于结束了。希腊人把特洛伊城掠夺成空,烧成一片灰烬。男人大多被杀死了,妇女和儿童大多被卖为奴隶,特洛伊的财宝都装进了希腊人的战舰。海伦也被墨涅依斯带回了希腊。 特洛伊战争就此结束。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000

Trojan War | Myth, Characters, & Significance | Britannica

Trojan War | Myth, Characters, & Significance | Britannica

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Tiepolo, Giovanni Domenico: The Procession of the Trojan Horse into Troy

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What started the Trojan War? According to the ancient Greek epic poet Homer, the Trojan War was caused by Paris, son of the Trojan king, and Helen, wife of the Greek king Menelaus, when they went off together to Troy. To get her back, Menelaus sought help from his brother Agamemnon, who assembled a Greek army to defeat Troy.Another myth attributes the origin of the Trojan War to a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera over who among them was the fairest. After Paris chose Aphrodite, Athena and Hera plotted against Troy. Was the Trojan War real? There has been much debate over historical evidence of the Trojan War. Archaeological finds in Turkey suggest that the city of Troy did exist but that a conflict on the immense scale of a 10-year siege may not have actually occurred. There is also contention over whether the ruins in Turkey represent the same Troy as the one Homer and others described in Greek mythology. Who won the Trojan War? The Greeks won the Trojan War. According to the Roman epic poet Virgil, the Trojans were defeated after the Greeks left behind a large wooden horse and pretended to sail for home. Unbeknown to the Trojans, the wooden horse was filled with Greek warriors. They sacked Troy after the Trojans brought the horse inside the city walls. What happened to Achilles in the Trojan War? The death of Achilles, the greatest Greek warrior of the Trojan War, is not described in Homeric works. In Arctinus’s Aethiopis, Achilles is said to have been killed by Paris of Troy. Trojan War, legendary conflict between the early Greeks and the people of Troy in western Anatolia, dated by later Greek authors to the 12th or 13th century bce. The war stirred the imagination of the ancient Greeks more than any other event in their history and was celebrated in the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer, as well as a number of other early works now lost, and frequently provided material for the great dramatists of the Classical Age. It also figures in the literature of the Romans (e.g., Virgil’s Aeneid) and of later peoples down to modern times.

Trojan WarAchilles killing Penthesilea during the Trojan War, interior of an Attic cup, c. 460 bce; in the Museum of Antiquities, Munich.(more)In the traditional accounts, Paris, son of the Trojan king, ran off with Helen, wife of Menelaus of Sparta, whose brother Agamemnon then led a Greek expedition against Troy. The ensuing war lasted 10 years, finally ending when the Greeks pretended to withdraw, leaving behind them a large wooden horse with a raiding party concealed inside. When the Trojans brought the horse into their city, the hidden Greeks opened the gates to their comrades, who then sacked Troy, massacred its men, and carried off its women. This version was recorded centuries later; the extent to which it reflects actual historical events is not known.

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Troy (2004) - IMDb

(2004) - IMDb

MenuMoviesRelease CalendarTop 250 MoviesMost Popular MoviesBrowse Movies by GenreTop Box OfficeShowtimes & TicketsMovie NewsIndia Movie SpotlightTV ShowsWhat's on TV & StreamingTop 250 TV ShowsMost Popular TV ShowsBrowse TV Shows by GenreTV NewsWatchWhat to WatchLatest TrailersIMDb OriginalsIMDb PicksIMDb SpotlightIMDb PodcastsAwards & EventsOscarsSXSW Film FestivalWomen's History MonthSTARmeter AwardsAwards CentralFestival CentralAll EventsCelebsBorn TodayMost Popular CelebsCelebrity NewsCommunityHelp CenterContributor ZonePollsFor Industry ProfessionalsLanguageEnglish (United States)LanguageFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFrançais (Canada)Français (France)Deutsch (Deutschland)हिंदी (भारत)Italiano (Italia)Português (Brasil)Español (España)Español (México)AllAllTitlesTV EpisodesCelebsCompaniesKeywordsAdvanced SearchWatchlistSign InSign InNew Customer? Create accountENFully supportedEnglish (United States)Partially supportedFrançais (Canada)Français (France)Deutsch (Deutschland)हिंदी (भारत)Italiano (Italia)Português (Brasil)Español (España)Español (México)Use appCast & crewUser reviewsTriviaFAQIMDbProAll topicsTroy2004PG-132h 43mIMDb RATING7.3/10567KYOUR RATINGRatePOPULARITY34523Play trailer2:1017 Videos99+ PhotosDramaAn adaptation of Homer's great epic, the film follows the assault on Troy by the united Greek forces and chronicles the fates of the men involved.An adaptation of Homer's great epic, the film follows the assault on Troy by the united Greek forces and chronicles the fates of the men involved.An adaptation of Homer's great epic, the film follows the assault on Troy by the united Greek forces and chronicles the fates of the men involved.DirectorWolfgang PetersenWritersHomerDavid BenioffStarsBrad PittEric BanaOrlando BloomSee production info at IMDbProIMDb RATING7.3/10567KYOUR RATINGRatePOPULARITY34523Top creditsDirectorWolfgang PetersenWritersHomerDavid BenioffStarsBrad PittEric BanaOrlando Bloom1.9KUser reviews211Critic reviews56MetascoreSee production info at IMDbProNominated for 1 Oscar5 wins & 23 nominations totalVideos17Trailer 2:10Watch TroyTrailer 0:31Watch TroyClip 1:09Watch Troy Scene: The World Will Remember Your NameClip 1:13Watch Troy Scene: Go HomeClip 1:21Watch Troy Scene: Is There No One Else?Clip 1:10Watch Troy Scene: Hector The FoolClip 1:21Watch Troy Scene: Do You Love Her?Clip 1:01Watch Troy Scene: I Live By A CodeClip 1:20Watch Troy Scene: I Was A GhostClip 0:45Watch Troy Scene: Do You Know What You've Done?Clip 1:18Watch Troy Scene: Hector Vs. AjaxClip 1:19Watch Troy Scene: We Need To Unleash HimPhotos384Top castEditBrad PittAchillesEric BanaHectorOrlando BloomParisJulian GloverTriopasBrian CoxAgamemnonNathan JonesBoagriusAdoni MaropisAgamemnon's OfficerJacob SmithMessenger BoyJohn ShrapnelNestorBrendan GleesonMenelausDiane KrugerHelenSiri SveglerPolydoraLucie BaratHelen's HandmaidenKen BonesHippasusManuel CauchiOld Spartan FishermanMark Lewis JonesTectonGarrett HedlundPatroclusSean BeanOdysseusDirectorWolfgang PetersenWritersHomerDavid BenioffAll cast & crewProduction, box office & more at IMDbProMore like this7.63007.8The Last Samurai7.3Kingdom of Heaven6.2300: Rise of an Empire4.1Troy: Fall of a City8.0Blood Diamond7.0World War Z6.5Mr. & Mrs. Smith7.2I Am Legend7.7Ocean's Eleven5.6Alexander7.6FuryStorylineEditDid you knowEditTriviaBrad Pitt and Eric Bana did not use stunt doubles for their epic duel. They made a gentlemen's agreement to pay for every accidental hit; $50 for each light blow and $100 for each hard blow. Pitt ended up paying Bana $750, and Bana didn't owe Pitt anything.GoofsCoins are placed on dead characters' eyes before their bodies are burnt. Ancient Greeks placed a coin in the corpse's mouth, not on the eyes. However, the Trojan War occurred before coined money was invented (in the 7th century BC), so they wouldn't have had coins at all.QuotesAchilles: I'll tell you a secret. Something they don't teach you in your temple. The Gods envy us. They envy us because we're mortal, because any moment might be our last. Everything is more beautiful because we're doomed. You will never be lovelier than you are now. We will never be here again.Alternate versionsDirector's Cut runs 196 minutes and features extended and deleted scenes, enhancing plot and character development, as well as featuring more sex and violence.ConnectionsFeatured in HBO First Look: Troy (2004)SoundtracksRememberMusic by James HornerLyric by Cynthia WeilProduced by David FosterRecorded by Jochem Van Der Saag (uncredited) and Alejandro Rodriguez (uncredited)Mixed by Humberto Gatica (uncredited)Performed by Josh Groban with Tanja TzarovskaJosh Groban appears courtesy of 143 Records/Reprise RecordsUser reviews1.9KReviewReviewFeatured review7/10 Proof that critics should be ignoredI finally got to see this movie in the bargain theaters here in El Paso on Labor Day. I originally hadn't thought much about the movie, but as time went on it had left the regular theaters here in town and I realized that I'd wished I'd gone to see it. I remember hearing several outside critics blasting the movie as horrible and wanted to judge for myself. I'm very glad I finally saw this movie.This movie is not the usual Clash of the Titans/Jason and the Argonauts type of movie where the gods are constantly shown and portrayed as more important and powerful than the lowly humans. In fact, this movie completely ignores the so-called gods and instead places the focus where it belongs -- on the warriors themselves. I have studied the Iliad as well as other stories surrounding the mythical Trojan War since my days as an elementary school geek obsessed with mythology and Dungeons & Dragons. Instead of being targeted toward that audience this film demystifies the Trojan War and treats it in a manner in which it could have actually happened. We see that the elders who continually refer to their so-called gods come across as fools. One of the most telling lines is when Hector (Eric Bana) refers to the fact that Apollo did not strike down Achilles (Brad Pitt) for desecrating the statue. It is very telling that Hector seems to doubt the gods he has been taught to worship.I have been a longtime critic of Brad Pitt as a second-tier talent who became famous only because of his looks, but in this film he surprised me. He is the TRUE star of the film. Achilles is easily the most interesting and entertaining character. I applaud Brad Pitt's effort in making his character a tragic hero. Achilles acknowledges that he is NOT the son of a goddess and is not immortal or invulnerable. The movie basically shows us how a rumor can blossom into a legend unto itself. Achilles' legend BECOMES immortal. He even refers to this in my favorite scene when he is inspiring his men and starts the invasion heavily outnumbered and still triumphs. Later in the same scene he scoffs at the so-called gods the Greeks and Trojans worship by decapitating the statue. I found this scene symbolic of the movie itself. The gods are nothing to both the characters and audience.Instead of supernatural powers and impossible feats we're treated to realism. Even Achilles' death is more realistic than in the myth. In the myth Paris does kill Achilles with an arrow, but because he has no battle skills his hand is actually guided by Apollo.If there was one thing I did not like in this film it was the transformation of Paris into some kind of hero. Paris was a coward in the original myth and I saw no reason to transform him into an overnight hero in the movie. I guess Orlando Bloom fans wouldn't be able to bear seeing him as the bad guy and were given the uninspired transformation of Paris into a better archer than Robin Hood.While this movie was nowhere near the epic masterpiece that the producers had hoped or that it was advertised as, it did not deserve the bad publicity it received from critics. I applaud the makers of this film and look forward to buying it on DVD.helpful•520408Cube_TXSep 8, 2004Top picksSign in to rate and Watchlist for personalized recommendationsSign inFAQ19How long is Troy?Powered by AlexaWhat are the differences between the Theatrical Version and the Director's Cut?What are some of the differences between the events in this movie and in The Iliad?DetailsEditRelease dateMay 13, 2004 (Philippines)Countries of originUnited StatesMaltaUnited KingdomOfficial sitesOfficial FacebookWarner BrothersLanguageEnglishAlso known asUntitled 'The Illiad' ProjectFilming locationsCabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico(location)Production companiesWarner Bros.Helena ProductionsRadiant ProductionsSee more company credits at IMDbProBox officeEditBudget$175,000,000 (estimated)Gross US & Canada$133,378,256Opening weekend US & Canada$46,865,412May 16, 2004Gross worldwide$497,409,852See detailed box office info on IMDbProTechnical specsEditRuntime2 hours 43 minutesColorColorSound mixDolby DigitalSDDSDTSAspect ratio2.39 : 1Related newsContribute to this pageSuggest an edit or add missing contentIMDb Answers: Help fill gaps in our dataLearn more about contributingEdit pageMore to exploreListStaff Picks: What to Watch in MarchSee the listListIMDb Staff's 2024 Oscar PredictionsSee our predictionsListHillary's 6 Picks for March and BeyondSee the full listRecently viewedYou have no recently viewed pagesGet the IMDb AppSign in for more accessSign in for more accessGet the IMDb AppHelpSite IndexIMDbProBox Office MojoIMDb DeveloperPress RoomAdvertisingJobsConditions of UsePrivacy PolicyYour Ads Privacy ChoicesIMDb, an Amazon company© 1990-2024 by IMDb.com, Inc.Back to top

Troy - World History Encyclopedia

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Troy

Contents

Definition

by Mark Cartwright

published on 11 May 2018

Available in other languages: French, Italian, Spanish

The Trojan HorseTetraktyas (CC BY-SA)

Troy is the name of the Bronze Age city attacked in the Trojan War, a popular story in the mythology of ancient Greece, and the name given to the archaeological site in the north-west of Asia Minor (now Turkey) which has revealed a large and prosperous city occupied over millennia. There has been much scholarly debate as to whether mythical Troy actually existed and if so whether the archaeological site was the same city; however, it is now almost universally accepted that the archaeological excavations have revealed the city of Homer's Iliad. Other names for Troy include Hisarlik (Turkish), Ilios (Homer), Ilion (Greek) and Ilium (Roman). The archaeological site of Troy is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Troy in myth

Troy is the setting for Homer's Iliad in which he recounts the final year of the Trojan War sometime in the 13th century BCE. The war was in fact a ten-year siege of the city by a coalition of Greek forces led by King Agamemnon of Mycenae. The purpose of the expedition was to reclaim Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta and brother of Agamemnon. Helen was abducted by the Trojan prince Paris and taken as his prize for choosing Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess in a competition with Athena and Hera. The Trojan War is also told in other sources such as the Epic Cycle poems (of which only fragments survive) and is also briefly mentioned in Homer's Odyssey. Troy and the Trojan War later became a staple myth of Classical Greek and Roman literature.

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In the Iliad, Homer describes Troy as 'well-founded', 'strong-built' & 'well-walled'.

Homer describes Troy as 'well-founded', 'strong-built' and 'well-walled'; there are also several references to fine battlements, towers and 'high' and 'steep' walls. The walls must have been unusually strong in order to withstand a ten-year siege and in fact, Troy fell through the trickery of the Trojan horse ruse rather than any defensive failing. Indeed, in Greek mythology the walls were so impressive that they were said to have been built by Poseidon and Apollo who after an act of impiety were compelled by Zeus to serve the Trojan king Laomedon for one year. However, the fortifications did not help the king when Hercules sacked the city with an expedition of only six ships. The sacking was Hercules' revenge for not being paid for his services to the king when he killed the sea-serpent sent by Poseidon. This episode was traditionally placed one generation before the Trojan War as the only male survivor was Laomedon's youngest son Priam, the Trojan king in the later conflict.

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Black-figured amphora (wine-jar) signed by Exekias as potter and attributed to him as painterTrustees of the British Museum (Copyright)

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Troy in Archaeology

Inhabited from the Early Bronze Age (3000 BCE) through to the 12th century CE the archaeological site which is now called Troy is 5 km from the coast but was once next to the sea. The site was situated in a bay created by the mouth of the river Skamanda and occupied a strategically important position between Aegean and Eastern civilizations by controlling the principal point of access to the Black Sea, Anatolia and the Balkans from both directions by land and sea. In particular, the difficulty in finding favourable winds to enter the Dardanelles may well have resulted in ancient sailing vessels standing by near Troy. Consequently, the site became the most important Bronze Age city in the North Aegean, reaching the height of its prosperity in the middle Bronze Age, contemporary with the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland and the Hittite empire to the East.

Troy was first excavated by Frank Calvert in 1863 CE and visited by Heinrich Schliemann who continued excavations from 1870 CE until his death in 1890 CE; in particular, he attacked the conspicuous 20 m high artificial mound which had been left untouched since antiquity. Initial finds by Schliemann of gold and silver jewellery and vessels seemed to vindicate his belief that the site was actually the Troy of Homer. However, these have now been dated to more than a thousand years before a probable date for the Trojan War and indicated that the history of the site was much more complex than previously considered. Indeed, perhaps unwittingly, Schliemann would add 2000 years to Western history, which had previously gone back only as far as the first Olympiad of 776 BCE.

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The World of the Iliad, c. 1200 BCESimeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-SA)

The excavations continued throughout the 20th century CE and continue to the present day and they have revealed nine different cities and no less than 46 levels of inhabitation at the site. These have been labelled Troy I to Troy IX after Schliemann's (and his successor Dorpfeld's) original classification. This has since been slightly adjusted to incorporate radio-carbon dating results from the early 21st century CE.

Troy I (c. 3000-2550 BCE) was a small village settlement surrounded by stone walls. Pottery and metal finds match those on Lesbos and Lemnos in the Aegean and in northern Anatolia.

Troy II (c. 2550-2300 BCE) displays larger buildings (40 m long), mud-brick and stone fortifications with monumental gates. Schliemann's 'treasure' finds - objects in gold, silver, electrum, bronze, carnelian and lapis lazuli - most likely come from this period. This 'treasure' includes 60 earrings, six bracelets, two magnificent diadems and 8750 rings, all in solid gold. Once again, finds of foreign materials suggest trade with Asia.

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The Trojan Plain c. 1200 BCESimeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-SA)

Troy III - Troy V (c. 2300-1750 BCE) is the most difficult period to reconstruct as the layers were hastily removed in early excavations in order to reach the lower levels. Generally speaking, the period seems a less prosperous one but foreign contact is further evidenced by the presence of Anatolian influenced dome ovens and Minoan pottery.

The archaeological site of Troy has impressive fortification walls 5 m thick & up to 8 m high constructed from large limestone blocks.

Troy VI (c. 1750-1300 BCE) is the period most visible today at the site and is the most likely candidate for the besieged city of Homer's Trojan War. Impressive fortification walls 5 m thick and up to 8 m high constructed from large limestone blocks and including several towers (with the rectangular plan as in Hittite fortifications) demonstrate the prosperity but also a concern for defence during this period. The walls would have once been topped by a mud brick and wood superstructure and with closely fitting stonework sloping inwards; as the walls rise they certainly fit the Homeric description of 'strong-built Troy'. In addition, sections of the walls are slightly offset every 10 m or so in order to curve around the site without the necessity for corners (a weak point in wall defence). This feature is unique to Troy and displays an independence from both Mycenaean and Hittite influence. The walls included five gateways allowing entrance to the inner city composed of large structures, once of two stories and with central courts and collonaded halls similar to those of contemporary Mycenaean cities such as Tiryns, Pylos and Mycenae itself. Outside the fortified citadel the lower town covers an impressive 270,000 square metres protected by an encircling rock-cut ditch. The size of the site is now much bigger than first thought when Schliemann excavated and suggests a population of as high as 10,000, much more in keeping with Homer's grand city-state.

Finds at the site point to the existence of a thriving wool industry and the first use of horses, recalling Homer's oft-used epithet 'horse-taming Trojans'. Pottery very similar to that on the Greek mainland has been discovered, principally the Grey Minyan ware which imitates metal vessels. There are also imported ceramics from Crete, Cyprus and the Levant. In marked contrast to Mycenaean palaces, there is no evidence of sculpture or fresco-painted walls.

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Map of TroyBibi Saint-Pol (Public Domain)

Troy VI was partially destroyed but the exact cause is not known beyond some evidence of fire. Intriguingly, bronze arrow heads, spear tips and sling shots have been found on the site and even some embedded in the fortification walls, suggesting some sort of conflict. The dates of these (c. 1250 BCE) and the site destruction correlate with Herodotus' dates for the Trojan War. Conflicts over the centuries between Mycenaeans and Hittites are more than probable and may well have been the origin of the epic Trojan War in Greek mythology. There is very little evidence of any large-scale war but the possibility of smaller conflicts is evidenced in Hittite texts where 'Ahhiyawa' is recognised as referring to Mycenaean Greeks and 'Wilusa' as the region of which Ilios was the capital. These documents tell of local unrest and Mycenaean support of local rebellion against Hittite control in the area of Troy and suggest a possible motive for regional rivalry between the two civilizations. Intriguingly, there is also a bronze Mycenaean sword taken as war booty and found in Hattusa, the Hittite capital.

Troy VIIa (c. 1300-1180 BCE) and Troy VIIb (c. 1180-950 BCE) both display an increase in the size of the lower town and some reconstruction of the fortifications but also a marked decline in architectural and artistic quality in respect to Troy VI. For example, there is a return to handmade pottery after centuries of wares made on the wheel. Once again, this correlates well with the Greek tradition that following the Trojan War the city was sacked and abandoned, at least for a time. Both Troy VIIa and Troy VIIb were destroyed by fires.

Troy VIII and Troy IX (c. 950 BCE to 550 CE) are the sites of Greek Ilion and Roman Ilium respectively. There is evidence that the site was populated throughout the so-called Dark Ages but the settlement did not return to a level of significant development until the 8th century BCE. Ancient Troy was never forgotten though. The Persian King Xerxes is said by Herodotus to have sacrificed over a thousand oxen at the site prior to his invasion of Greece and Alexander the Great also visited the site before his expedition in the opposite direction in order to conquer Asia.

A Doric temple to Athena was constructed in the early 3rd century BCE along with new fortifications under Lysimachos (c. 301-280 BCE). The Romans also held Troy in high regard and even referred to the city as 'Sacred Ilium'. In Roman tradition, the Trojan hero Aeneas, son of Venus, had fled Troy and settled in Italy thus giving the Romans a divine ancestry. Julius Caesar in 48 BCE and Emperor Augustus (reign 27 BCE -14 CE) rebuilt much of the city and Hadrian (reign 117-138 CE) also added buildings which included an odeion, gymnasium and baths. Emperor Constantine (reign 324-337 CE) even planned to build his new capital at Troy and some construction work began until Constantinople was chosen instead. Over time the site declined, most probably because the harbour had silted up and the once great city of Troy was finally abandoned, not to be rediscovered for another 1500 years.

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Bibliography

Carabatea, M. Greek Mythology. Pergamos, Peania, 2007

Cline, E.H. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.

Homer. The Iliad. Penguin Classics, 1998.

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About the Author

Mark Cartwright

Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.

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Cite This Work

APA Style

Cartwright, M. (2018, May 11). Troy.

World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/troy/

Chicago Style

Cartwright, Mark. "Troy."

World History Encyclopedia. Last modified May 11, 2018.

https://www.worldhistory.org/troy/.

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Cartwright, Mark. "Troy."

World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 11 May 2018. Web. 06 Mar 2024.

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Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 11 May 2018. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.

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Visual Timeline

3000 BCE - 2550 BCE

Troy I - First stone-walled village settlement

2550 BCE - 2300 BCE

Troy II - origin of gold 'treasure' found by Schliemann

2300 BCE - 1750 BCE

Troy III - Troy V

1750 BCE - 1300 BCE

Troy VI - probable Troy of Homer's Iliad. City at its zenith.

1334 BCE

Trojan War, according to Duris of Samos.

1300 BCE - 950 BCE

Troy VIIa - VIIb Notable decline in architectural and artisitic standards

c. 1250 BCE

Trojan War, according to Herodotus.

1184 BCE

Trojan War, according to Eratosthenes.

c. 950 BCE - 550 CE

Troy VIII Greek Ilion - Troy IX Roman Ilium

c. 800 BCE - c. 700 BCE

Homer of Greece writes his Iliad and Odyssey.

c. 301 BCE - c. 320 BCE

Doric temple to Athena and fortifications of Lysimachus built at Troy.

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Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia.

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Archaeological Site of Troy

Troy, with its 4,000 years of history, is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. The first excavations at the site were undertaken by the famous archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann in 1870. In scientific terms, its extensive remains are the most significant demonstration of the first contact between the civilizations of Anatolia and the Mediterranean world. Moreover, the siege of Troy by Spartan and Achaean warriors from Greece in the 13th or 12th century B.C., immortalized by Homer in the Iliad, has inspired great creative artists throughout the world ever since.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Site archéologique de Troie

Troie, chargée d'une histoire de 4 000 ans, figure parmi les sites archéologiques les plus connus du monde. Les premières fouilles dans ce site datent de 1871 et furent effectuées par le grand archéologue Heinrich Schliemann. En termes scientifiques, ses nombreux vestiges offrent la preuve la plus significative du premier contact entre les civilisations de l'Anatolie et du monde méditerranéen. En outre, le siège de Troie par les guerriers grecs de Sparte et d'Achaïe au XIIIe ou au XIIe siècle av. J.-C., immortalisé par Homère dans l'Iliade , a inspiré depuis lors les grands artistes du monde entier.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

موقع طروادة الأثري

تبرز طروادة المثقلة بتاريخ دام 4000 سنة بين المواقع الأثرية الأشهر في العالم. وتعود أعمال التنقيب الاولى التي تناولت هذا المكان الى عام1781 وقد تولاها عالم الآثار الكبير هنريخ شليمان. وتشكل آثارها المتعددة دليلاً بالغ الأهمية على الاتصال الأول بين حضارة الأناضول وحضارة العالم المتوسطي. الى ذلك، شكل حصار طروادة الذي شنه محاربو اسبارطة وأكاي اليونانيون في القرن الثالث عشر أو الثاني عشر قبل الميلاد والذي خلّده هوميروس في إلياذته مصدر ايحاء لكبار الفنانين في العالم أجمع.

source: UNESCO/CPE

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

特洛伊考古遗址

特洛伊以其4000多年的历史成为世界上最著名的考古遗址之一。1870年,著名的考古学家海因里希·谢里曼(Heinrich Schliemann) 对这个遗址进行了第一次挖掘。从科学的角度来说,它大量的遗存物是安纳托利亚和地中海文明之间联系的最重要最实质的证明。特洛伊于公元前13世纪或12世纪遭到来自希腊的斯巴达人和亚加亚人的围攻,这一史实由荷马写进史诗而流传千古,而且从那时起它便启发了世界上众多艺术家的创作灵感。

source: UNESCO/CPE

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Археологические памятники Трои

Троя с ее 4000-летней историей – это один из наиболее известных археологических объектов в мире. Его открыл знаменитый археолог Генрих Шлиман в 1870 г. Научная ценность этих богатейших находок состоит в том, что они ярко демонстрируют первые контакты между цивилизациями Анатолии и миром Средиземноморья. Кроме того, осада Трои спартанцами и ахейцами из Древней Греции в XIII-XII вв. до н.э., которую обессмертил Гомер в Илиаде, вдохновляла людей искусства во всем мире.

source: UNESCO/CPE

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Sitio arqueológico de Troya

El sitio arqueológico de Troya, con sus 4.000 años de historia, es uno de los más célebres del mundo. Las primeras excavaciones del sitio datan del año 1870 y fueron realizadas por el famoso arqueólogo Heinrich Schliemann. Desde un punto de vista científico, sus numerosos vestigios constituyen la prueba más importante del primer contacto entre las civilizaciones de Anatolia y el mundo mediterráneo. El asedio de Troya por los guerreros espartanos y aqueos, llegados de Grecia hacia el siglo XIII o XII a.C., fue inmortalizado por Homero en La Ilíada y desde entonces ha sido una fuente continua de inspiración para grandes artistas del mundo entero.

source: UNESCO/CPE

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

トロイの古代遺跡

ギリシャの伝説が語るトロイ戦争で有名なトルコ西部のこの都市は、世界で最も有名な遺跡の一つである。1870年に始まるシュリーマンの発掘によって次第にその全容が明らかになったその広大な遺跡は、近東の黎明期の地中海世界との最初の接触を示す、最も重要かつ具体的な証拠である。イリアードが語るギリシャからのミケーネ戦士によるトロイ包囲は、それ以来、世界中の創造的な芸術家の精神を鼓舞してきた。

source: NFUAJ

Archeologisch gebied van Troje

Troje, met zijn 4000 jaar geschiedenis, is een van de beroemdste archeologische vindplaatsen ter wereld. De eerste opgravingen werden er in 1870 uitgevoerd door de archeoloog Heinrich Schliemann. De overblijfselen zijn het belangrijkste wetenschappelijke bewijs van het eerste contact tussen de beschavingen van Anatolië en de mediterrane wereld. Troje kende in de vroege bronstijd al menselijke bewoning. De belegering van Troje door Spartaanse en Egeïsche krijgers uit Griekenland in de 13e of 12e eeuw voor Christus – door Homerus beschreven in de Ilias – is een grote inspiratie geweest voor kunstenaars overal ter wereld.

Source: unesco.nl

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Archaeological Site of Troy (Turkey)

© Ministry of Culture and Tourism

Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis

The Archaeological Site of Troy has 4,000 years of history. Its extensive remains are the most significant and substantial evidence of the first contact between the civilizations of Anatolia and the burgeoning Mediterranean world. Excavations started more than a century ago have established a chronology that is fundamental to the understanding of this seminal period of the Old World and its cultural development. Moreover, the siege of Troy by Mycenaean warriors from Greece in the 13th century B.C., immortalized by Homer in The Iliad, has inspired great artists throughout the world ever since.

Troy is located on the mound of Hisarlık, which overlooks the plain along the Turkish Aegean coast, 4.8 km from the southern entrance to the Dardanelles. The famous archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann undertook the first excavations at the site in 1870, and those excavations could be considered the starting point of modern archaeology and its public recognition. Research and excavations conducted in the Troia and Troas region reveal that the region has been inhabited for 8,000 years. Throughout the centuries, Troy has acted as a cultural bridge between the Troas region and the Balkans, Anatolia, the Aegean and Black Sea regions through migration, occupation, trade and the transmission of knowledge.

24 excavation campaigns, spread over the past 140 years, have revealed many features from all the periods of occupation in the citadel and the lower town. These include 23 sections of the defensive walls around the citadel, eleven gates, a paved stone ramp, and the lower portions of five defensive bastions. Those archaeological remains date for the most part from Troy II and VI; however, a section of the earliest wall (Troy I) survives near the south gate of the first defences. In the last 15 years, it has become clear that a Lower City existed south of the mound in all prehistoric periods and extended to about 30 ha in the Late Bronze Age. Several monuments, including the temple of Athena and the recently excavated sanctuary, are part of the Greek and Roman city of Ilion, at the site of Troy. The Roman urban organization is reflected by two major public buildings on the edge of the agora (central market place), the odeion (concert hall) and the nearby bouleuterion (council house).

The surrounding landscape contains many important archaeological and historical sites, including prehistoric settlements and cemeteries, Hellenistic burial mounds, monumental tumuli, Greek and Roman settlements, Roman and Ottoman bridges and numerous monuments of the Battle of Gallipoli. 

Criterion (ii): The archaeological site of Troy is of immense significance in the understanding of the development of European civilization at a critical stage in its early development. It documents an uninterrupted settlement sequence over more than 3,000 years and bears witness to the succession of civilisations. The role of Troy is of particular importance in documenting the relations between Anatolia, the Aegean, and the Balkans, given its location at a point where the three cultures met.

Criterion (iii): The Archaeological Site of Troy bears witness to various civilizations that occupied the area for over 4,000 years. Troy II and Troy VI provide characteristic examples of an ancient oriental city in an Aegean context, with a majestic fortified citadel enclosing palaces and administrative buildings, surrounded by an extensive fortified lower town. Several other monuments and remains reflect the characteristics of Roman and Greek settlements, and other distinct attributes bear witness to the Ottoman settlements.

Criterion (vi): The Archaeological Site of Troy is of exceptional cultural importance because of the profound influence it had on significant literary works such as Homer’s Illiad and Virgil’s Aeneid, and on the arts in general, over more than two millennia. 

Integrity

The inscribed property contains all the necessary elements to express its Outstanding Universal Value. The archaeological remains still allow for an impressive insight into the Bronze Age city with its fortifications, palaces and administrative buildings. Of the Greek and Roman periods, two major public buildings on the edge of the agora have survived in almost complete condition. 

Authenticity

The authenticity of the archaeological site is high, since there have been very few reconstructions. Those that have taken place on the defences have been carried out in strict accordance with the principles of anastylosis. The authenticity of the surrounding landscape is also high, and represents an organic development from prehistory to the present century that has not been subject to any obtrusive tourism development. 

Protection and management requirements

The 1968 Decree No 3925 of The Superior Council of Immovable Cultural and Natural Property, under the authority of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, designated the Archaeological Site of Troy as a historic site. The Antique City of Troy was also registered as first-degree archaeological site and a conservation zone was created in 1981 by Decision No 12848 of The Supreme Council of the Immovable Ancient Objects and Monuments. The limits of the Antique City of Troy have been defined by the 1995 decision No 2414 of the Edirne Conservation Council of Cultural and Natural Properties and were made to coincide with those of the World Heritage property. It is thus protected under the provisions of Law No 2863 of the Republic of Turkey on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Property. Under this legislation, sites and the movable properties discovered on them are State property and no works may be carried out without the authorization of the related Regional Council. With the Cabinet Decree No 8676 of 1996, the antique city of Troy and the surrounding landscape were inscribed as a “National Historical Park”. To date, the majority of archaeologically relevant areas of Troy are owned by the State and thus protected by law. Following the compulsory purchase of a number of holdings in 1994, 75% of the lower town and the cemeteries are now in State ownership and further appropriation measures are currently in progress. The remaining land in private ownership is under cultivation.

The overall responsibility for the protection and conservation of the designated sites rests with the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums. Collaborating institutions at regional level are the Çanakkale Council for the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage, the Governorship of Çanakkale and the Çanakkale Museum.

The National Parks Department of the Ministry of Forests collaborates with the Ministry of Culture on issues regarding the surrounding landscape. A plan for its preservation was prepared by the Department in 1971, revised in 2010, and constitutes the primary planning document for the management of the property.

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UNESCO World Heritage Committee Adds 30 Sites to World Heritage List

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Türkiye

Date of Inscription: 1998

Criteria: (ii)(iii)(vi)

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158 ha

Dossier: 849

Province of Çanakkale

N39 57 23.184 E26 14 20.4

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《Troy》特洛伊与希腊神话 - 知乎

《Troy》特洛伊与希腊神话 - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册《Troy》特洛伊与希腊神话难得葫芦天气太冷,躲在家看电视。正好看到Netflix开播心仪已久的大片《Troy》,此片精彩演绎了荷马史诗Iliad伊利亚特,场面宏大,制作精良,男一号英雄Achilles由当红小生Brad Pitt饰演。情节与人物中包括诸多Greek Mythology的段子,仔细琢磨细节,近3小时的电影也不觉冗长。特洛伊之战在Greek Mythology希腊神话中算得上有份量的战争,诸多神选边站队。导演不想把它拍成神幻片,影片中尽为人间故事,几乎没有出现神的形象(除了Achilles阿克琉斯的母亲,也只是一个普通母亲的形象),要观众自己体会诸多人物背后神的影子。Helen Of Troy海伦是人间第一美女,是众神之神Zeus宙斯的女儿,银幕上的海伦美丽但不令人惊艳。而盗走海伦的Paris帕里斯亦非Myth中的翩翩美少年。此处使我产生了一个巨大的疑问:特洛伊之战是由最初的Gold Apple Of Discord金苹果之争引起的,金苹果之争正是发生在Achilles父母亲的婚礼现场,而争端的解决是Zeus指定要牧羊少年Paris来决定,Paris因私心把金苹果给了Aphrodite,即后来的Venus维纳斯,因为Aphrodite将海伦的芳心许诺给他。由此推算,Paris和海伦比Achilles大一辈,Achilles成人时他们早该是大叔大妈了,况且特洛伊战争打了十年,但怎么看着他们都是同龄人呢?Achilles在犹豫不决是否参加特洛伊之战时,与母亲有段对话。Achilles之母已事先得知天机,知道儿子注定死于此战,仍然平静对他说:你可作个普通人,结婚生子,平淡一生;你亦可以战死沙场,流芳百世。这话说得精辟,荷马2800年前的话仍有现实意义。对于年轻人,生命是衡量雄心的尺度。Achilles到了Troy首先砍掉了太阳神Apollo阿波罗雕像的头,隐寓他跟Appolo不是一路人,Apollo是Zeus的儿子,故他也得罪了Zeus。影片末英雄Achilles被Paris射中左脚跟而死,因为在Myth中Zeus私下告诉Paris:Achilles出生后,他母亲拎着他在神河里浸过,全身刀枪不入,他唯一的死穴是被母亲拎着的左脚后跟。Greek Mythology是个庞杂的系统,神有与普通人一样的感情,不受道德约束,也许是海洋文化的特色。相比之下,中国古代神话集大成者《山海经》记有盘古女娲等,但神在数量上比起早三五百年的希腊神话中的神要少得多,且多是独立的神话故事,不成系统。后来发展出了十层体系,最高层是“三清”,如元始天尊,太上老君,第二层是诸天帝天君,如玉皇大帝,王母娘娘,其下有诸日月星辰,真君、天 神,雷公、电母、龙王、等;最底层是城隍、土地。小时候看《西游记》,这套神仙系统看得人眼花缭乱。希腊神话同样弄得人晕头转向。Troy一直被当作Myth神话,直到十九世纪,有英国考古学者到土耳其境内找到了Troy遗址,如今已是世界遗产遗迹之一。Troy被木马计破城后城毁,逃出的人不多,海伦也不知去向,影片结尾时Paris将传世Troy宝剑交给Aeneas。据古希腊学者说此事发生在公元前十一世纪。公元前八世纪罗马城创建,另一传说是一位古罗马诗人说:由Troy逃出的Aeneas创立了罗马,时间则早得多。不知罗马人怎么想,罗马帝国时期灭了希腊,算是复仇了吗?发布于 2018-07-04 19:51​赞同 11​​添加评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

Troy - Trojan War, Ancient City, Turkey | Britannica

Troy - Trojan War, Ancient City, Turkey | Britannica

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Troy

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IntroductionGeographyArchaeologyThe search for Troy at HisarlıkFindingsThe Trojan WarMedieval legends

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The Trojan War Tiepolo, Giovanni Domenico: The Procession of the Trojan Horse into TroyThe Procession of the Trojan Horse into Troy from Two Sketches Depicting the Trojan Horse, oil on canvas by Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, c. 1760; in the National Gallery, London.(more)The Classical legends of the Trojan War developed continuously throughout Greek and Latin literature. In Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, the earliest literary evidence available, the chief stories have already taken shape, and individual themes were elaborated later, especially in Greek drama. The story of the Trojan origin, through Aeneas, of Rome helped to inspire Roman interest; Book II of Virgil’s Aeneid contains the best-known account of the sack of Troy. Finally there are the pseudo-chronicles that go under the names of Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius. The Trojan War fought between the Greeks and Troy originated in the following manner. King Priam of Troy was wealthy and powerful; by his wife Hecuba and by concubines he had 50 sons and 12 daughters. But his son Paris was invited to judge which of the goddesses Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena was entitled to receive the golden apple marked by the goddess Eris (Discord) “for the most beautiful.” Aphrodite promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world: he therefore awarded her the apple and went to Greece, where he won the love of, and eloped with, Helen, wife of Menelaus, the king of Sparta. To recover Helen, the Greeks launched a great expedition under the overall command of Menelaus’s brother, Agamemnon, king of Árgos or Mycenae. The Trojans refused to return Helen. Small towns in or near the Troad were sacked by the Greeks, but Troy, assisted by allies from Asia Minor and Thrace, withstood a Greek siege for 10 years. The gods also took sides, notably Hera, Athena, and Poseidon for the Greeks, and Aphrodite (who had a son, Aeneas, by the Trojan Anchises, grandson of Assaracus), Apollo, and Ares for the Trojans. The Iliad, which is set in the 10th year of the war, tells of the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles, who was the finest Greek warrior, and the consequent deaths in battle of (among others) Achilles’ friend Patroclus and Priam’s eldest son, Hector. Attic cup interior: Achilles killing Penthesilea during the Trojan WarAchilles killing Penthesilea during the Trojan War, interior of an Attic cup, c. 460 bce; in the Antikensammlungen, Munich. (more)After Hector’s death the Trojans were joined by two exotic allies, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, and Memnon, king of the Ethiopians and son of the dawn-goddess Eos. Achilles killed both of these, but Paris then managed to kill Achilles with an arrow. Before they could take Troy, the Greeks had to steal from the citadel the wooden image of Pallas Athena (the Palladium) and fetch the arrows of Heracles and the sick archer Philoctetes from Lemnos and Achilles’ son Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus) from Skyros; Odysseus and Diomedes achieved all these. Finally, with Athena’s help, Epeius built a huge wooden horse. Several Greek warriors hid inside it; the rest of the Greek army sailed away to Tenedos, a nearby island, pretending to abandon the siege. Despite the warnings of Priam’s daughter Cassandra, the Trojans were persuaded by Sinon, a Greek who feigned desertion, to take the horse inside the walls of Troy as an offering to Athena; the priest Laocoön, who tried to have the horse destroyed, was killed by sea-serpents. At night the Greek fleet returned, and the Greeks from the horse opened the gates of Troy. In the total sack that followed, Priam and his remaining sons were slaughtered; the Trojan women passed into slavery in various cities of Greece. The adventurous homeward voyages of the Greek leaders were told in two epics, the Returns (Nostoi; lost) and Homer’s Odyssey. The few Trojan survivors included Aeneas, whose descendants continued to rule the Trojans; later tradition took Aeneas’s Trojans to Italy as the ancestors of the Romans. Medieval legends Medieval European writers, unacquainted with Homer firsthand, found in the Troy legend a rich source of heroic and romantic storytelling and a convenient framework into which to fit their own courtly and chivalric ideals. The chief sources for medieval versions of the story were fictitious eyewitness accounts of the Trojan War by Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius. The key work in the medieval exploitation of the Trojan theme was a French romance, the Roman de Troie (1154–60), by Benoît de Sainte-Maure. Later medieval writers used the Roman de Troie until it was superseded by a Latin prose account, the Historia destructionis Troiae (c. 1287; “History of the Destruction of Troy”), by Guido delle Colonne. The French author Raoul Le Fèvre’s Recueil des histoires de Troye (1464), an account based on Guido, was translated into English by William Caxton and became the first book to be printed in English as The Recuyell of the Histories of Troye (c. 1474). The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Barbara A. Schreiber.